Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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General introduction 11 (TIS), resulting in variations in vessel design, equipment and treatments such as immersion time and frequency, depending on the requirements of different plant species and cultivars. An overview on TIS was given by Etienne and Berthouly (2002) and Berthouly and Etienne (this volume). One can only speculate why this culture technique was adopted so late as a simple, low-cost and effective propagation method, which is applicable to almost all commerciallyinteresting species including those listed in section 4.1. The principles of the RITA � system and of the twin-flask system of Escalona et al. (1999) represent the most convincing technical solutions combining low-cost devices and easy handling of the cultures. The practical advantages of TIS became evident when culturing e.g. somatic embryos of Musa spp. (Escalant et al., 1994), Hevea brasiliensis (Etienne et al., 1997), Citrus (Cabasson et al., 1997) and Coffea arabica (Etienne-Barry et al., 1999) as well as shoots of sugarcane (Lorenzo et al., 1998) and pineapple (Escalona et al., 1999) or potato microtubers (Jimenez et al., 1999). For details see Berthouly and Etienne (this volume). The physiologically most important advantage of TIS is the efficient gaseous exchange between plant tissue and gas phase inside the vessel. Multiple daily air replacement by pneumatic transfer of the medium ventilates accumulated gasses like ethylene or CO2. Additionally, uptake of nutrients and hormones over the whole explant surface ensures maximum growth. There is no doubt that TIS will play an outstanding role in future mass propagation of plants in vitro. 6. Concluding remarks Liquid culture systems have significant effects on the multiplication rates and morphology of shoots, somatic embryos, microtubers or bulblets produced in vitro. Liquid media favour tissue organisation similar to that of aquatic plants. This, however, can complicate the acclimatisation of the propagules at the end of the propagation process. Therefore, steps have to be taken to avoid hyperhydricity (vitrification), the most serious disorder in liquid culture systems. Optimisation of aeration in bioreactors and TIS in many cases leads to propagules of excellent quality which can be acclimatized easily. Nevertheless, it must be noted that a chance contamination will quickly develop and disperse in liquid medium and is likely to lead to total loss of the culture. Compared to agar-based systems, liquid systems are more adaptable to automation and are, therefore, suitable for the reduction of labour and costs, as media can be changed easily during scaling-up, and the cleaning of
12 Walter Preil culture vessels is simplified. Some figures on reduction of production costs in TIS are discussed by Berthouly and Etienne (this volume). In any case, the use of liquid media is only one part of the propagation scheme for various plant species, because establishing in vitro cultures usually starts on agar-gelled medium. After the scaling-up and multiplication phase in liquid media, gelled and solid media are used again in most cases for rooting of shoots or conversion of embryos. During this ‘preacclimatisation’ phase, tissues previously adapted to the liquid environment become ‘re-organised’ and conditioned for the in vivo environment. Temporary immersion systems will play a dominant role in future micropropagation of plants. The principles of temporary immersion of tissue cultures were already in discussion fifty years ago; they are easily understood by tissue culturists. Nevertheless, suitable equipment such as RITA � had to be invented before ideas of TIS application in mass propagation took root. The development of useable protocols and guidelines are a prerequisite for the integration of new elements in traditional in vitro culture systems design. The organizers of the First International Symposium on “Liquid Systems for In Vitro Mass Propagation of Plants” in 2002 set out to establish such guidelines. References Akita M, Shigeoka T, Koizumi Y & Kawamura M (1994) Mass propagation of shoots of Stevia rebaudiana using a large scale bioreactor. Plant Cell Rep. 13: 180-183 Alfermann AW, Petersen M & Fuss E (2003) Production of natural products by plant cell biotechnology: results, problems and perspectives. In: Laimer M & Rücker W (ed) Plant Tissue Culture 100 years since Gottlieb Haberlandt (pp. 153-166). Springer, Wien New York Alvard D, Cote F & Teisson C (1993) Comparison of methods of liquid medium culture for banana micropropagation. Effects of temporary immersion on explants. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 32: 55-60 Ammirato PV & Styer DJ (1985) Strategies for large scale manipulation of somatic embryos in suspension culture. In: Zaitlin M, Day P & Hollaender A (eds) Biotechnology in Plant Science: Relevance to Agriculture in the Eigthies (pp. 161-178). Academic Press, New York Arditti J & Ernst R (1993) Micropropagation of Orchids. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York Bajaj YPS (1995) Somatic embryogenesis and its applications for crop improvement. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 30 – Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed Vol I (pp. 114-125). Springer, Berlin Bapat VA, Fulzele DP, Heble MR & Rao PS (1990) Production of sandalwood somatic embryos in bioreactors. Current Science 59: 746-748 Barbon-Rodriguez R (2001) Efecto del dioxido de carbono sobre la embriogenesis somatica de Coffea arabica L. cv. Caturra rojo y Clematis tangutica K. Tesis, Universidad Central de las Villas, Cuba
Page 2 and 3: LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
Page 4 and 5: A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
Page 6 and 7: Contents Contributing Authors xiii
Page 8 and 9: Liquid culture systems for in vitro
Page 12 and 13: Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
Page 16 and 17: Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
Page 18 and 19: Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
Page 20 and 21: General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
Page 22 and 23: General introduction 5 rooted in gr
Page 24 and 25: General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
Page 26 and 27: General introduction 9 the bioreact
Page 30 and 31: General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
Page 32 and 33: General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
Page 34 and 35: General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
Page 36 and 37: I. Bioreactors
Page 38 and 39: 22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
Page 40 and 41: 24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
Page 42 and 43: 26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
Page 44 and 45: 28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
Page 46 and 47: 30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
Page 48 and 49: 32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
Page 50 and 51: 34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
Page 52 and 53: 36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
Page 54 and 55: 38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
Page 56 and 57: 40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
Page 58 and 59: 42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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