Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant quality. In commercial micropropagation, labour usually accounts for about 70 % of the total in vitro and ex vitro costs (Aitken- Christie et al., 1991). 7. Conclusion For the first time we have shown the photosynthetic ability of somatic embryos of Coffea arabusta and successfully grew the somatic embryos photoautotrophically. The important consequences of the study are that the cotyledonary and converted embryos have photosynthetic ability and that the light pre-treatment (PPF: 100 µmol m -2 s -1 ) speeds up the process. Therefore, it is concluded that the cotyledonary stage is the earliest stage embryo, which can be cultured photoautotrophically (in the absence of sugar in the culture medium) to develop coffee plantlets. We hope that the photoautotrophic culture system described here might also provide the basis of a useful model for the in vitro propagation by somatic embryogenesis of other important plant species. References Afreen F, Zobayed SMA, Kubota C, Kozai T & Hasegawa O (2000) A combination of vermiculite and paper pulp supporting material for the photoautotrophic micropropagation of sweet potato. Plant Sci. 157: 225-231 Afreen F, Zobayed SMA & Kozai T (2002a) Photoautotrophic culture of Coffea arabusta somatic embryos: Photosynthetic ability and growth of different stage embryos. Ann. of Bot. 90: 11-19 Afreen F, Zobayed SMA & Kozai T (2002b) Photoautotrophic culture of Coffea arabusta somatic embryos: Development of a bioreactor for the large-scale plantlet conversion from cotyledonary embryos Ann. of Bot. 90: 21-29 Aitken-Christie J, Kozai T & Takayama S (1991) Automation in plant tissue culture – general introduction and overview In: Aitken-Christie J, Kozai T & Smith L, (eds) Automation and Environmental Control in Plant Tissue Culture. (pp. 1-18). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Cervelli R & Senaratna T (1995) Economic aspects of somatic embryogenesis. In: Aitken- Christie J, Kozai T, Smith ML (eds), Automation and Environmental Control in Plant Tissue Culture (pp. 29-64). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Croke JT & Cassells AC (1997) Dark induction and genetic stability of somatic embryos of zonal geraniums (Pelargonium x hortorum Baily). J. Appl. Bot. 71: 119-124 Dublin P (1980) Multiplication vegetative in vitro de l � Arabusta. Café – Cacao – The. Vol. WWIV 4: 281-290 Dublin P, Enjalric F, Lardet L, Carron MP, Trolinder N & Pannetier C (1991) Estate crops. In: Debergh PC, Zimmerman RH (eds) Micropropagation - Technology and Application (pp: 337-361). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
Development of photoautotrophy in Coffea 335 Gupta PK, Timmis R & Carlson WC (1993) Somatic embryogenesis: A possible tool for large-scale propagation of forestry species. In: Soh WY, Liu JR & Komamine A (eds) Advances in Development Biology and Biotechnology of Higher Plants (pp. 18-37).The Korean Society of P. T. C., Korea Hsia C & Korban SS (1998) Effect of growth regulators, dark treatment and light intensity on shoot organogenesis from leaf tissues of evergreen azalea. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 73: 53-60. Hutchinson MJ, Sanaratna T, Sahi SV & Saxena PK (2000) Light mediates endogenous plant growth substances in thidiazuron-induced somatic embryogenesis in Geranium hypocotyl cultures. J. Plant Biochem. Biotec. 9: 1-6 Kozai T, Koyama Y & Watanabe I (1988) Multiplication of potato plantlets in vivo with sugar free medium under high photosynthetic photon flux. Acta Hort. 230: 121-127 Kozai T, Kubota C, Zobayed SMA, Nguyen QT, Afreen F & Heo J (1999) Developing a mass-propagation system of woody plants. In: Watanabe K, Komamine A. (eds) Challenge of Plant and Agriculture Sciences to the Crisis of Biosphere on the Earth in the 21st Century. Chapter 28 (pp. 293-306). Landes Bioscience, Texas, USA Reinert J (1958) Untersuchungen über die Morphogenese an Gewebenkulturen. Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 71:15 Redenbaugh K & Walker K (1990) Role of artificial seeds in alfalfa breeding. In: Bhojwani SS (ed) Plant Tissue Culture. Application and Limitations (pp. 102-135). Elsevier Publishing, New York Redenbaugh K, Fuji JA & Slade D (1988) Encapsulated plant embryos. In: Biotechnology in Agriculture (pp: 226-229). Great Britain Agriculture Food Research Council Solarova J, Souckova D, Ullmann J & Pospisilova J (1995) In vitro culture: environmental conditions and plantlets growth as affected by vessel type and stopper material. Zahradnictvi 21: 61-72 Steward FC, Mapes MO & Hears K (1958) Growth and organized suspended cells. Am. J. Bot. 45: 705-708 Von Arnold S, Sabala I, Bozhkov P, Dyachok J & Filonova L (2002) Developmental pathways of somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell, Tiss. Org. Cult. 69: 233-249 Willmer CM (1983) Stomatal responses to environmental factors. In: Willmar, CM (ed) Stomata. (pp. 64-90). Longman Inc., New York Yasuda T, Fujii Y & Yamaguchi T (1986) Embryogenic callus induction from Coffea arabica leaf explants by benzyladenine. Plant Cell Physiol. 26: 595-597 Zobayed SMA, Afreen F, Kubota C & Kozai T (2000) Mass propagation of Eucalyptus in a scaled-up vessel under in vitro photoautotrophic condition. Ann. Bot. 85: 587-592
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
Page 286 and 287: Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Page 290 and 291: Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
Page 292 and 293: Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Page 298 and 299: 296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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Page 316 and 317: 314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
Page 318 and 319: 316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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Page 366 and 367: Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Page 374 and 375: Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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432 B. McAlister et al. rest time -
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434 B. McAlister et al. Figure 3: M
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436 B. McAlister et al. Average mul
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438 B. McAlister et al. Table 4: Co
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440 B. McAlister et al. Semi-solid
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442 B. McAlister et al. Escalona M,
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444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
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446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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448 Jeffrey Adelberg more prolific
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450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
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452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
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454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
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456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
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Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Aeration stress in plant tissue cul
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476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
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478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
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480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
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482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common
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486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
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488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
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490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
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492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
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494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
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V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
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510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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512 E. Gontier et al. 2. Materials
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514 E. Gontier et al. developed dra
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516 E. Gontier et al. 3.3 Establish
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518 E. Gontier et al. Fresh weight
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520 E. Gontier et al. 3.5 Effect of
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522 E. Gontier et al. 3.6 Scale up
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524 E. Gontier et al. Lorenzo JC, G
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526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
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528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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530 Dirk Wilken et al. described a
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532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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534 Dirk Wilken et al. bioactive co
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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