Liquid Culture Systems for in vitro Plant Propagation

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484 Hans R. Gislerød et al. common in vitro culture medium today is Murashige and Skoog’s medium (MS), published in 1962 to support rapid growth of tobacco tissue culture. Murashige and Skoog analysed ash from tobacco and composed the nutrient composition based on the mineral contents. The macronutrient composition of Murashige and Skoog has been used in approximately 25% of the published cell and tissue culture methods and is used in more than 50% of all plants produced by micropropagation (Leifert et al., 1991). MS medium contains 40 meq l -1 (66%) NO3 - -nitrogen and 20 meq l -1 (34%) NH4 + - nitrogen, 4.5 meq l -1 PO4 3- , 3 meq l -1 SO4 2- , 6 meq l -1 Cl - , 21.5 meq l -1 K + , 6 meq l -1 Ca ++ and 3 meq l -1 Mg ++ . Authors have often tended to investigate growth on only one medium (in many cases MS), and, if satisfactory growth was obtained, have not compared growth rates on other media (Leifert et al., 1995). It is therefore unclear whether published methods describe nutrient compositions that support maximal growth rates of a particular plant species. When comparing the solutions in table 3, one will see that generally the concentration of the different nutrient elements is approximately four times greater in the solution for tissue culture compared with those for greenhouse production. The ratios between the macro elements and the microelements are different in the two solutions. The amount of Ca is about one fifth, and for P, Mg and S about one-third in MS-medium compared to a nutrient solution for greenhouse production. In addition, there is quite a large amount of Cl in the MS-medium. This is a clear disadvantage for Cl intolerant plants. Reducing the Cl content and increasing the P and Mg content could, potentially, prolong the period of growth and give better quality plantlets. The proportion of the microelements Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Mo in the nutrient solutions are also important for many ornamentals and flowering pot plants. By slightly increasing these elements in the in vitro media, we assume that better quality plants can be produced from micropropagation. MS has a low content of the microelements compared to N and K. The Fe and Cu content in MS-medium compared to a nutrient solution for greenhouse plants is also low. When Begonia x hiemalis is cultured on MS-medium, plants must be subcultured at three week intervals. Failing to transfer to fresh medium results in plant senescence from the 4 th week (Selliah, unpublished results). In Saintpaulia, the plantlets show symptoms of phosphorus and boron deficiencies. Prolonging the culture periods and reducing the number of subcultures, while maintaining good quality of the shoots, could save valuable labour time. Based on the nutrient elements in different ornamentals (Table 4), Selliah composed two alternative media (Table 5) for Begonia x hiemalis and Saintpaulia in 1997 (called RS-1997). This comparison is shown in table 5. The purpose of testing alternative media was to obtain a more optimised, balanced medium for these ornamentals and to prolong
Nutrition of plants in greenhouses and in vitro 485 Table 6: The effect of alternative RS-media compared with M. et al. (1972) medium on biomass yield, number of plants and survival after rooting in Saintpaulia ionantha (from Ayeh, 1998) At transplanting (per jar) Media Biomass (g) No. of plants Survival after rooting (%) M. et al. (1972) 11.2 b 42.0 b 50.4 b RS-1997-1 14.4 ab 49.9 ab 87.5 a RS-1997-3 15.0 a 62.1 a 89.9 a * Different letters represent statistical differences at 5% level analysed by SAS Statistical package (ANOVA). Table 7: The effect of alternative RS-media compared with M. et al. (1972) medium on number of days from potting to first visible bud, the first open flower and plant on size in Saintpaulia ionantha (from Ayeh, 1998) Media First visible bud (days) First open flower (days) Size (cm 2 ) single leaf whole plant M. et al. (1972) 104.2 b 112.2 b 17.4 c 161.1 c RS-1997-1 85.2 ab 93.4 ab 20.5 b 198.2 b RS-1997-3 71.6 a 80.0 a 24.5 a 245.5 a * Different letters represent statistical differences at 5% level analysed by SAS Statistical package (ANOVA). subculturing periods. Ayeh and Hvoslef-Eide tested these for Saintpaulia, Begonia and Gypsophila at NLH (Ayeh, 1998). The results from Saintpaulia are presented here (tables 6 and 7). Saintpaulia ionantha was propagated on these three media from table 5 and compared for multiplication rate, survival rate at transfer, days-toflowering and plant size and quality. The experiments were repeated six times. Table 6 shows that the best medium (RS-1997-3) for Saintpaulia gave greater biomass per jar, greater number of plants, as well as greater survival rate when transferred to greenhouse conditions. The most dramatic effect of this medium was flowering 32 days earlier (Table 7), than in the medium proposed by Murashige et al. (1972). The plants also produced a greater number of flowers in the best nutrient medium (Table 8). Leifert and his coworkers have also demonstrated that the PO4 3- concentration of MS medium
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LIQUID CULTURE SYSTEMS FOR IN VITRO
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A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this
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Contents Contributing Authors xiii
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Liquid culture systems for in vitro
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Contributing Authors Adelberg, J. 4
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Preface Plant cell, tissue and orga
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Chapter 1 General introduction: a p
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General introduction 3 2. Cell susp
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General introduction 5 rooted in gr
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General introduction 7 (Winkelmann
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General introduction 9 the bioreact
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General introduction 11 (TIS), resu
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General introduction 13 Barz W, Rei
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General introduction 15 Hohe A, Win
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General introduction 17 Shimazu T &
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I. Bioreactors
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22 Wayne R. Curtis 1. Introduction
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24 Wayne R. Curtis headspace double
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26 Wayne R. Curtis that is required
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28 Wayne R. Curtis C L y � P O2
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30 Wayne R. Curtis since there is a
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32 Wayne R. Curtis 5 cm 30 cm 30 o
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34 Wayne R. Curtis Pˆ N � � me
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36 Wayne R. Curtis Radial Flow Impe
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38 Wayne R. Curtis CS = Medium diss
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40 Wayne R. Curtis Murashige T & Sk
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42 Anne Kathrine Hvoslef-Eide et al
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Chapter 4 Practical aspects of bior
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Practical aspects of bioreactor app
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Chapter 5 Simple bioreactors for ma
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Simple bioreactors for mass propaga
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96 K. Y. Paek et al. opportunity fo
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98 K. Y. Paek et al. disadvantages
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100 K. Y. Paek et al. 3.1 Dissolved
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102 K. Y. Paek et al. optimizing bi
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104 K. Y. Paek et al. cosmetics, wh
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106 K. Y. Paek et al. protocol, mor
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108 K. Y. Paek et al. use. In order
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110 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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112 K. Y. Paek et al. a b c d e f F
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114 K. Y. Paek et al. Escalona M, L
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116 K. Y. Paek et al. Son SH & Paek
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118 Seppo Sorvari et al. economical
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120 Seppo Sorvari et al. membrane w
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122 Seppo Sorvari et al. 3. Results
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124 Seppo Sorvari et al. D.O. 160 1
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Chapter 8 Cost-effective mass cloni
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Cost-effective mass cloning of plan
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144 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 1
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146 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek F
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148 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek T
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150 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek 3
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152 Eun-Joo Hahn & Kee-Yoeup Paek E
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Chapter 10 Control of growth and di
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Control of growth and differentiati
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Chapter 11 Temporary immersion syst
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Temporary immersion system: a new c
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198 Elio Jiménez González 1. Intr
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200 Elio Jiménez González Several
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202 Elio Jiménez González Figure
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204 Elio Jiménez González exploit
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206 Elio Jiménez González weeks i
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208 Elio Jiménez González germina
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210 Elio Jiménez González Escalan
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Chapter 13 Use of growth retardants
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Use of growth retardants for banana
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Chapter 14 Somatic embryo germinati
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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Somatic embryo germination of Psidi
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232 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil N
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234 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 3
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236 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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238 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil F
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240 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil 4
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242 Tino Hempfling & Walter Preil R
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244 C. Damiano et al. Over the last
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246 C. Damiano et al. 2.2 Temporary
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248 C. Damiano et al. Table 3: Wate
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250 C. Damiano et al. hyperhydricit
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Chapter 17 Optimisation of growing
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Optimisation of growing conditions
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264 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. cul
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266 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 2.4
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268 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. mic
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270 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. of
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272 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. 4.
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274 Katerina Grigoriadou et al. Tei
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276 Ch. Wawrosch et al. possesses s
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278 Ch. Wawrosch et al. 3. Results
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280 Ch. Wawrosch et al. References
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Chapter 20 Propagation of Norway sp
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 285 2.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 287 su
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 289 5.
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 291 bl
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Propagation of Norway Spruce 293 H
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296 M. Vágner et al. 1995). In liq
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298 M. Vágner et al. maturation pe
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300 M. Vágner et al. mature somati
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302 M. Vágner et al. Acknowledgeme
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304 Christopher Hunter & Lionel Lev
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314 Michel Petitprez et al. 1. Intr
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316 Michel Petitprez et al. 2.2 QTL
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318 Michel Petitprez et al. Figure
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320 Michel Petitprez et al. Table 1
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322 Michel Petitprez et al. Gentzbi
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324 F. Afreen et al. 1. Introductio
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326 F. Afreen et al. precotyledonar
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328 F. Afreen et al. Dry mass (mg/e
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330 F. Afreen et al. under photoaut
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332 F. Afreen et al. Figure 3: a) C
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334 F. Afreen et al. the plant qual
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Chapter 25 Potential of flow cytome
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Potential of flow cytometry 339 dis
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Potential of flow cytometry 341 Fig
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Potential of flow cytometry 343 tha
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Chapter 26 Somatic embryogenesis of
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Somatic embryogenesis of Gentiana 3
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Chapter 27 Induction and growth of
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Induction and growth of tulip 361 a
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Induction and growth of tulip 363 T
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Chapter 28 Micropropagation of Ixia
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Micropropagation of Ixia 367 for PA
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Micropropagation of Ixia 369 Biomas
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Micropropagation of Ixia 371 Figure
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Chapter 29 Micropropagation of Rosa
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Micropropagation of Rosa 375 The BA
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Micropropagation of Rosa 377 Platfo
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Micropropagation of Rosa 379 3. Res
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Micropropagation of Rosa 381 The ro
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Micropropagation of Rosa 383 4. Dis
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Micropropagation of Rosa 385 Murash
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Chapter 30 Mass propagation of coni
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Mass propagation of conifer trees 3
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Chapter 31 Potentials for cost redu
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Potentials for cost reduction 405 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 407 c
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Potentials for cost reduction 409 s
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Potentials for cost reduction 411 N
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Potentials for cost reduction 413 G
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Chapter 32 A new approach for autom
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A new approach for automation 417 (
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A new approach for automation 419 p
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A new approach for automation 421 T
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A new approach for automation 423 D
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426 B. McAlister et al. 1. Introduc
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428 B. McAlister et al. 2.2 Multipl
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430 B. McAlister et al. Table 2: Mu
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Page 442 and 443: 444 Jeffrey Adelberg including Host
Page 444 and 445: 446 Jeffrey Adelberg BioSystems (Ho
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Page 448 and 449: 450 Jeffrey Adelberg vessel of liqu
Page 450 and 451: 452 Jeffrey Adelberg Figure 4: Labo
Page 452 and 453: 454 Jeffrey Adelberg constituted a
Page 454 and 455: 456 Jeffrey Adelberg Acknowledgemen
Page 456 and 457: Chapter 35 Aeration stress in plant
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Page 472 and 473: 476 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 1. Int
Page 474 and 475: 478 Hans R. Gislerød et al. biorea
Page 476 and 477: 480 Hans R. Gislerød et al. A low
Page 478 and 479: 482 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Table
Page 482 and 483: 486 Hans R. Gislerød et al. can be
Page 484 and 485: 488 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.1 Li
Page 486 and 487: 490 Hans R. Gislerød et al. 4.3 Ca
Page 488 and 489: 492 Hans R. Gislerød et al. Morten
Page 490 and 491: 494 Han Bouman & Annemiek Tiekstra
Page 502 and 503: V. Biomass for Secondary Metabolite
Page 504 and 505: 510 E. Gontier et al. 1. Introducti
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Page 520 and 521: 526 Dirk Wilken et al. 1. Introduct
Page 522 and 523: 528 Dirk Wilken et al. running at 6
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Page 526 and 527: 532 Dirk Wilken et al. packed cell
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536 Dirk Wilken et al. Fowler MW (1
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Chapter 40 Cultivation of root cult
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Cultivation of root cultures of Pan
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Chapter 41 Optimisation of Panax gi
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Optimisation of Panax ginseng liqui
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558 S. M. Nalawade et al. performan
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560 S. M. Nalawade et al. Plantlets
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562 S. M. Nalawade et al. leaves on
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564 S. M. Nalawade et al. roots (Fi
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Chapter 43 Production of taxanes in
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Production of taxanes 569 2. Materi
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Production of taxanes 571 Figure 2:
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Production of taxanes 573 various T
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Acknowledgments The editors thank t
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578 Contents 130, 131, 133, 134, 13
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580 Contents poplar, see Populus Po
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582 Contents bubble aerated 165 bub
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584 Contents ginsenoside content, p
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586 Contents plant growth regulator
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588 Contents -free microcorms 71 -f
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