european college of sport science

IS-SS01 Contemporary issues of motivation in sport
reason for abandonment. 86% had to change or adapt the occupational activity. 73% had to stop work during the 3rd trimester. Physical
exercise and diet played an important role during postpartum recovery for 73% of the subjects. The results of the present work will be
useful to develop recommendations for pregnancy specific exercise programs.
THE EFFECT OF AEROBIC DANCE ON CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS IN PREVIOUSLY SEDENTARY PREGNANT WOMEN -
A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
HALVORSEN, S., HAAKSTAD L.A., EDVARDSEN, E., BØ, K.
NORWEGIAN SCHOOL OF SPORT SCIENCES
Introduction: Healthy pregnant women are recommended to be physically active (1). A Cochrane review from 2006 concluded that regular
aerobic exercise during pregnancy appears to improve physical fitness, but that the trials are small and of low methodological quality
(2). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a aerobic dance exercise program on cardiorespiratory fitness in
previously sedentary pregnant women.
Methods: 105 sedentary primiparous women were randomized to either intervention or control. The intervention consisted of two onehour
aerobic dance sessions per week. The intervention group was also motivated to include 30 minutes of moderate self-imposed
physical activity on the rest of the week-days. The control group was neither encouraged nor discouraged from exercising. All the subjects
underwent exercise testing by walking on a treadmill for establishment of the relationship between oxygen uptake (VO2), heart rate
and blood lactate ([La-]b) at 4-6 different submaximal workloads (lactate profile). Comparison of cardiorespiratory fitness was done
before the intervention (mean gestational week 17.7) and after the intervention (mean gestational week 36.6). Analyses were done according
to intention to treat (ITT). Independent sample t-test at differences between the groups at anaerobic threshold ([La-]b ∆1.5)
(AT) was used for analyses, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: There were no differences in cardiorespiratory fitness between the groups before the intervention. Drop-outs rates were 34.6 %
and 47.2 % in the training and control groups, respectively. On average, those allocated to exercise participated in 17 (SD 12.5) out of 24
possible exercise sessions. 21 women attended &#8805; 80 % of the exercise sessions. VO2 at AT decreased with 5,1 % in both the
intervention group (mean 25,3 ± 3,7 to 24,0 ± 3,8) and among the control group ( mean 24,9 ± 3,7 to 23,7 ± 3,2). Further, there were no
significant differences in lactate profile between the intervention and control groups.
Discussion: This study indicates a small negative effect on cardiorespiratory fitness during pregnancy. Our result does not confirm with
previous reported findings (3). However, the difference in results may be explained by a much higher fitness level among the participants
in the presents study and the unfortunate high drop-out rate and low adherence to the exercise program. Further studies on cardiorespiratory
fitness in sedentary pregnant women are needed.
References
1. American College of Obstetriccians and Gynecologists (2002). Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Int J Gynaecol
Obstet 2002: 77(1) s: 79-81.
2.Kramer M.S. & McDonald S.W. (2006). Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2006, Issue 3.
3. Santos I.A., Stein R., Fuch S.C et al (2005). Aerobic Exercise and submaximal Functional Capacity in Overweight Pregnant Women. A
Randomized Trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2005:106(2) s:243-249.
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Invited symposia
IS-SS01 Contemporary issues of motivation in sport
MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE EFFECTS ON MOTIVATION REGULATION, PEER RELATIONSHIPS, EMPOWERMENT, AFFECT,
AND BULLYING IN SPORT!
ROBERTS, G., OMMUNDSEN, Y., SORENSEN, M., SISJORD, M., FASTING, K.
NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SPORT SCIENCE
Current approaches to subjective well-being and ill-being in sport suggest that differences in the motivational sport environment, specifically
the motivational climate the coach creates within the sport context, may influence psychological outcomes of participation. In the
present study, we examined the association of the motivational climate to a range of potential beneficial and aversive psychosocial
outcomes of soccer involvement for youths.
The sample consists of a cross-sectional study of 1294 youths aged between 12-16 years of age (Male n = 787, Female n = 507) experienced
youth sport participants. Scales assessing the motivational climate and various indices of psychosocial health were administered.
Multivariate canonical analyses revealed that a Mastery involving motivational climate was associated with psychologically healthy sport
involvement outcomes (RC1 = .48). These outcome variables comprised of higher perceptions of autonomy, positive affect and perceived
ability, more autonomous regulation of motivation in that positive associations with intrinsic and identified regulation of motivation were
found, positive association with task involvement, and positive peer relationships. Negative relationships were found for external motivation
and amotivation. In contrast, a primarily performance involving motivational climate was associated with negative psychological
outcomes from soccer involvement (RC2 = .43
The findings suggest that coaches who emphasise winning as the criterion of success in youth sport put the subjective well-being of the
participants in jeopardy. Two patterns of relationships were observed, one associated with a mastery climate and indices of subjective
well-being, and one primarily associated with a performance climate and indices of subjective ill-being. A focus on mastery is more likely
to create a positive experience for the youths that enhances positive outcomes of the sport experience. A focus on performance is more
likely to create a negative experience for the youths and enhances negative outcomes.
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