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OP-PH04 Physiology 4 The NLIA endurance test of 8 min of standardised treadmill walking was modified by extending exercise by stepwise increases in intensity to volitional exhaustion, obtaining time to exhaustion and peak VO2 as continuous outcome variables. NLIA strength tests based on number of repetitions were squat-and-raise, push-ups, and horizontal pull-chest-to-bar-test. Results: VO2 rose linearly by duration of the extended NLIA treadmill-test. Young men walked longer than senior firefighters and female applicants did. Time spent on the TR-test was closely related to performance on the extended NLIA-test, suggesting that VO2-max is important for the performance. A firefighter completing the TR-test in less than 21 min meets requirements of the NLIA treadmill-test. Performance on the TR-test was not closely related to muscle strength beyond a minimum. Male firefighters and applicants performed as well on the TR-test as on the NLIA-tests, but females performed relatively poorer on the TR-test. Discussion: The close relationship between performance on the TR-test and the NLIA treadmill-test suggests that the TR-test distinguishes well between physically fit and less fit firefighters and applicants; it may thus be a substitute for the NLIA treadmill-test. The relative poorer performance of females on the TR-test may be caused by their lower body mass and muscular strength that may be a disadvantage for performing firefighting-like activities but not for laboratory tests. As long as the NLIA-approved test is the norm, the TR-test may discriminate against females. The TR-test does not seem to challenge muscle strength. Reference Heimburg E von, Rasmussen AKR, Medbo JI. (2006). Ergonomics, 49(2), 111–126. PHYSICAL FITNESS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN NORWEGIAN HOME GUARD SOLDIERS AANDSTAD, A., HAGEBERG, R. NORWEGIAN SCHOOL OF SPORT SCIENCES Soldiers’ physical fitness is considered to be an important factor in military operations. A desired level of fitness can be developed from sufficient exercise training. Regular Home Guard soldiers (HGS) only undergo military repetition training for about 3-5 days a year. Since HGS primarily live a civilian life, no obligatory military physical training is completed, and the fitness level is not monitored, as opposed to i.e. professional soldiers and recruits. Hence, the aim of this study was to measure fitness and activity level in regular HGS, and identify whether these soldiers were sufficiently fit for military work. A total of 710 male HGS (age 32.8 ± 4.6 yrs) from five districts have participated in the study. Physical measures were conducted during regular military repetition service, while physical activity has been measured during and after the repetition service. The 20 m Shuttle Run Test (Leger et al., 1988) was conducted to estimate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Percent body fat was estimated from bioimpedance measurements (Quantum II, RJL Systems, USA). Other anthropometric measures were height, weight and waist circumference. Physical activity was measured for 9 consecutive days with SenseWear Pro2 Armband (Bodymedia, USA). Estimated VO2max was 49.0 ± 6.5 ml/(kg∙min) in the Norwegian HGS. Mean height and weight were 180.1 ± 6.7 cm and 85.0 ± 13.3 kg, and mean BMI was 26.2 ± 3.7. Thirteen percent of the soldiers were obese (BMI ≥ 30). Mean waist circumference were 94.5 ± 10.1 cm, and 20 % of the soldiers had an waist circumference of ≥ 102 cm. Mean percent body fat was 19,4 ± 5,8. Physical activity estimated with the Armband monitor during regular weekdays showed a mean energy consumption of 3479 ± 787 kcal/day. The HGS walked 10.202 ± 4336 steps/day, and had a mean METS value of 1.77 ± 0.40. Physical activity level during weekends was slightly lower than during weekdays, while the activity level during repetition service was generally similar to regular weekdays. Norwegian HGS had lower aerobic fitness compared to Norwegian male cadets, recruits and soldiers in Special Forces. This finding was expected since i.e. the HGS are somewhat older than other groups of Norwegian soldiers, and the fact that no fitness demands exist for regular HGS. However, for military personnel, police, firefighters etc a minimum acceptable aerobic fitness level has been claimed to be 43 ml/(kg∙min) (Shephard, 1991). If this criterion is taken into account, 80 % of the HGS met the minimum acceptable level. About 13 % of the HGS were overweight in terms of BMI, while 20 % had a high waist circumference. Hence, several HGS had an increased risk of i.e. cardio-vascular diseases. Most HGS met the recommendation of a minimum of 30 minutes/day of moderate intensity physical activity. However, more physical activity with high intensity could be recommended. Leger LA et al. J Sports Sci. 6(2): 93 – 101, 1988 Shephard RJ. Sports Med. 12(2): 94 – 109, 1991 “VO2 SLOW COMPONENT” ABOLISHED AFTER WARM UP WITH APNEAS SCHAGATAY, E., BJÖRKLUND, G.,3, RYDH, F. 1. DEPT OF ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 2. SWEDISH WINTER SPORTS RESEARCH CENTRE, 3. DEPT OF HEALTH SCIENCES Introduction: The cause of the “VO2 slow component” (SC), i.e. a slow further rise in VO2 during continued intense exercise after the fast rise during the initial 2-3 min, has not been settled, but suggested candidates are alterations in fibre recruitment, muscle acidosis, and muscle temperature. Spleen contraction during exercise (Laub et al.,1993) or apnea (Schagatay et al., 2001) is known to inject a stored supply of red blood cells into circulation. Our aim was to study if the SC could be related to an increase in hemogloin concentration (Hb) caused by spleen contraction, a factor never studied in this context before. The elevated Hb could facilitate oxygen delivery to the active muscles and increase buffering. Methods Eight male cyclists with mean (SD) age 26(4) years, height 183 (7) cm and weight 76(9) kg performed two identical protocols separated by two days, consisting of 3 high intensive periods on a cycle ergometer at 90% for 3 min, spaced by 6 min periods of 70% of VO2max. Series were preceded by 10 min warmup at 50% of VO2max. After warmup one series contained 3 maximal effort apneas preceeded by 1 min of hyperventilation to maximize duration. In the test without apneas, subjects rested sitting after warm-up. Respiratory parameters (AMIS 2001) and heart rate (Polar S610) were recorded continuously. Spleen diameter (ultrasonic imaging), venous Hb (Hemocue) and Lactate (Biosen 5140) were measured before and after warmup, after apneas or rest, and after the exercise. Results: Mean (SD) duration increased across apnea 1 - 3 from 109(17) s to 142(17) s (P
Thursday, June 25th, 2009 We concluded that in the maximal work test preceded by apneas, the spleen contraction and resulting Hb elevation abolished the slow component. Thus VO2 max will not be reached before the blood-boosting spleen contraction is induced, which takes several minutes during work alone, but is pre-triggered when work is preceded by apneas. Also lactate or other effects of apnea and/or hyperventilation may affect the peak VO2, which calls for further study. References Laub M, Hvid-Jacobsen K,.Hovind P, Kanstrup IL, Christensen NJ and Nielsen SL. (1993). Spleen emptying and venous hematocrit in humans during exercise. J Appl Physiol, 74, 1024-1026. Schagatay E, Andersson JPA, Hallén M and Pålsson B. (2001). Selected contribution; Role of spleen emptying in prolonging apneas in humans. J Appl Physiol, 90, 1623-1629. OSLO/NORWAY, JUNE 24-27, 2009 303
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14 th annual Congress of the EUROPE
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Organisation Congress President - S
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Welcome On behalf of The European C
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Table of Contents IS-SS03 PERFORMIN
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Table of Contents PP-BM04 BIOMECHAN
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Table of Contents AUTHORS INDEX ...
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 isolatio
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 absolute
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 been per
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 13:00 -
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 HEART RA
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 MRF RESP
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 8-12 min
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 Fukuda,
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 Hasegawa
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 MIDGLEY,
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 Discussi
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 conducte
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 individu
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 an indiv
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 course,t
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 VO2tau a
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 3: a dis
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 Spertus
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 SPACE-TI
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 tance of
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 Relevanc
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 consider
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 COMPARAT
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 incremen
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 Chiodo S
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 mawashi
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 STRESS A
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 DIFFEREN
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 Results:
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 EFFECT O
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 experien
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 Lefévre
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 of the v
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 sion (p0
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 Conclusi
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 SUSTAINE
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 clinical
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 Results:
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 IMPROVEM
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 with fol
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 eration.
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 THE EFFE
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 skeletal
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 coeffici
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Wednesday, June 24th, 2009 McMahon
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Thursday,
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Hu G, Qia
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Discussio
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 entertain
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 (HRR60s),
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 evidence
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 dilatatio
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 08:30 - 1
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 fibers).
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 describin
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 biosynthe
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 EVALUATIO
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Gladden,
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 EXERCISE
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 MOTIVATIO
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Whereas t
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Sixteen y
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 LACTATE R
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 dPT value
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 and polar
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 HOW TO CA
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 ACUTE EFF
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 EFFECTS O
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 model ind
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 PEAK OXYG
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Results :
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 achieve o
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Meile, W.
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 crease of
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Backgroun
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 CHARACTER
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 sides, Th
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 differ si
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Two studi
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 letes. Es
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 CONCLUSIO
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 content.
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 the chang
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 certain d
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 However,
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 in identi
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 changes i
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 analyze t
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 good stre
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 motivatio
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 sample do
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Results:
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 THE DEPLE
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 ous after
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Results:
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Method: M
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Lukaski,
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 original
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 weight re
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 THE ’4
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 COGNITION
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 RESULTS :
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 4TH GRADE
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 Mittag W,
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 useful to
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 if stress
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 In sequen
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Thursday, June 25th, 2009 NON-LINEA
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Page 263 and 264: Thursday, June 25th, 2009 THE IMPAC
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Page 267 and 268: Thursday, June 25th, 2009 reflected
Page 269 and 270: Thursday, June 25th, 2009 THE EFECT
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Page 279 and 280: Thursday, June 25th, 2009 THE RATE
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Page 295 and 296: Thursday, June 25th, 2009 ing sessi
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Page 301: Thursday, June 25th, 2009 BRONCHIAL
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Page 351 and 352: Friday, June 26th, 2009 THE EFFECT
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 were measur
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Mayer, T.,
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 39 untraine
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 We showed t
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 14:15 - 15:
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 nation. The
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Subjects: t
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Method: Eig
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 with a posi
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 ENDURANCE E
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 IL-4, IL-6,
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 THE JUSTIFI
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 water exerc
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Tisdale MJ.
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Lira FS, Ta
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 days assumi
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 obtained fr
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Colella D e
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Results: Tw
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 PHYSICAL AC
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Discussion:
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 14:15 - 15:
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Conclusions
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 14:15 - 15:
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 LATERAL SPE
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 curve (iT),
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Body weight
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 METHODS OF
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 FIRST RESUL
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 JS and JF w
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Methods: To
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 • Bandura
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 pared to le
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 HORSE-RIDIN
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 COMPLEMENTA
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 14:15 - 15:
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 stroke at 9
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 years). For
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 LACTATE AND
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 THE RELATIO
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 showed that
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 condition w
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 TIME TO EXH
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 The results
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 [2] Del Mon
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Conclusions
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 The aim of
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 3) POKORN,
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 14:15 - 15:
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 adjustment
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 was evaluat
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 their actio
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 The main ob
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 et al., 199
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 chemistry,
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 15:15 - 16:
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 15:15 - 16:
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 ELECTROMYOG
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 THE MELATON
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 GENDER DIFF
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Savulescu,
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Moget, P &
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 implicit in
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Maykut, P.,
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 Methods: Th
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 17:15 - 18:
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 FASTER PLAY
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 EFFECTS OF
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 separately.
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Friday, June 26th, 2009 EFFECTS OF
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Scheiber
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 the inten
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 08:30 - 1
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 nomic ner
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 DUE TO TH
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 tations,
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 activity
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 In Experi
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 The prese
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Kohler G
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Results:
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 after A4.
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Reference
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 The resul
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Through s
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 HOW DOSE
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 a more re
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 THE KINET
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 and the i
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 cyclists
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 using an
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Andersen,
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Sixteen h
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Methods:
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 P.D. Tomp
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Methods:
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 EFFECT OF
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Discussio
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 REFERENCE
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 between v
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Departmen
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 OPTIMISAT
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 applicati
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Cortical
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 THE RELAT
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 among pre
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Sheppard
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 except fo
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 n=10) did
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 2. Borran
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 diabetic,
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 SD±0.59
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 petitors)
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Luo J, Mc
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Results a
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 IMPROVED
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 THE EFFEC
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 contribut
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 board tha
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 The techn
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Mujika I,
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 respectiv
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Thirty fe
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Dugan EL,
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 ENERGY EX
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 Chung CK,
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 integrati
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Saturday, June 27th, 2009 ment. It
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Authors index ANNA, A..............
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Authors index BRISSWALTER, J. .....
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Authors index D D ELIA, F..........
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Authors index FERES, A.............
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Authors index GRENIER, J. .........
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Authors index IBAÑEZ, J. .........
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Authors index KISHI, Y. ...........
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Authors index LEWIS, N.C.S. .......
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Authors index MENDIGUCHÍA, J......
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Authors index NOBORU, T............
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Authors index PODLOG, L............
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Authors index SAKAI, T.............
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Authors index SMITH, R.S. .........
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Authors index TORDI, N. ...........
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Authors index WILLERSLEV-OLSEN, M..
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