european college of sport science

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good strength and speed capacities but lack in technical precision. In order to improve as well, and try to reach the elite, they should
concentrate on one preferred discipline only.
REFERENCES
Chen-Fu H., Chen-Shou K. (2007) Biomechanical differences between jumpers and sprinters on long jump performance. J. Biomech XXI
ISB Congress, 2007.
Hay J. G. (1992) The biomechanics of sports techniques. Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs.
AGE AND GENDER SPECIFIC PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TYROLEAN JUDOKAS
POCECCO, E., BURTSCHER, M.
UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK
Introduction: In judo, besides technical skills and tactical strategies, fitness is also indispensable for a successful performance. Few studies
have examined physiological profiles of judo athletes and there are no laboratory tests lasting the duration of a judo competition
which assess maximum arm and leg performance.
The aim of this study was to describe age and gender dependent maximum arm and leg performance of judo athletes, derived from
laboratory tests, which are similar in duration to a judo competition (5 min).
Methods: The test group consisted of 7 juvenile female, F (1990-93) and 30 male (M) judokas: 7 children, C (1992-94), 10 juveniles, J1 (1990-
91), 4 juveniles, J2 (1986-88) and 7 adults, A (1959-85), of different competitive level.
The test session took place in June 2006. Anthropometric measurements included stature, body mass and body composition (bioimpedentiometry).
Physiological parameters at rest were measured. During and immediately after a ramp test (5W-increments) on an
arm-crank ergometer (increments in W = ½ body mass/min) and on a cycle ergometer (increments in W = body mass/min) maximum
power (Pmax), heart rate, ventilatoric parameters (i.e. VO2peak), perceived exertion and blood lactate 3 min post exercise (LA) were
assessed.
Statistics: MANOVA and Pearson-correlations using SPSS.
Results: Upper body (UB): Pmax (W/kg): C 2.37, J1 2.60, J2 2.70, A 2.57, F 2.46; VO2peak (ml/min/kg): C 37.3, J1 39.2, J2 35.3, A 30.9, F
29.8; LA (mmol/l): C 7.8, J1 10.4, J2 11.8, A 11.4, F 6.5. Lower body (LB): Pmax (W/kg): C 5.28, J1 5.36, J2 5.76, A 5.38, F 4.81; VO2peak
(ml/min/kg): C 52.6, J1 51.2, J2 50.0, A 45.0, F 45.3; LA (mmol/l): C 7.9, J1 11.1, J2 12.0, A 12.0, F 9.1.
Concerning UB, women’s Pmax/kg was lower than values of J1, J2 and A. J1 had a higher arms’ VO2peak/kg than A and F. C and F had
lower values of LA after cranking compared to the other groups. Concerning LB, no significant differences were noticed. VO2peak/kg
during both tests decreased and LA after cranking rose with increasing age among M.
Discussion: All these results confirm data from our laboratory (3) and literature. Gender differences are in accordance with scientific
knowledge on muscle strength and power and with research on judokas (2, 3). Also the shown gender and age differences in VO2peak
and LA are reported in the literature, which identifies the age (14-17 years) in which the highest relative VO2max values are reached (1).
These trends probably reflect the lower volume and efficacy of strength training among young athletes and women.
References
1. Boisseau N, Delamarche P. (2000) Sports Med, 30(6), 405-422.
2. Little N G. (1991) J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 31(4), 510-520.
3. Pocecco E. (2008) Proceedings I Scientific European Congress on Judo, Lisbon.
LOAD ANALYSIS OF KARATE KATA SITUATIONAL TRAINING
BOK, D., JUKIC, I., VUCETIC, V.
FACULTY OF KINESIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB
INTRODUCTION: Kata is a karate discipline comprised of basic karate techniques presenting the offensive and the defensive actions. As
kata is performed identically on training and competition, it is relatively easy to assess actual competition load measuring performances
during situational training. The goal of the research was to establish the level of intensity of 5 consecutive kata (Jion, KD, KS, GSS, Unsu)
performances with 5 min rest periods.
METHODS: A member of Croatian national kata team (29 yrs;179 cm;91 kg) performed incremental treadmill test (0,5 km/h speed increase
per minute, 1,5% grade) for determination of VO2max and HRmax (50.8 mlO2/kg/min;191 bpm) and anaerobic threshold (AnT -46.4
mlO2/kg/min;186 bpm). The level of intensity of 5 consecutive kata was measured through: heart rate (HR), blood lactate (LA; Lactate
Scout, USA) and oxygen uptake (VO2; COSMED, Quark K4, Italy).
RESULTS: The duration of each kata was 102s in average. HR before each 5 performance was 137, 150, 150, 124 and 137 bpm (73.1%
HRmax,75.1% HRAnT in avr) and after the kata performance 196, 197, 188, 193 and 189 bpm (100.1% HRmax,103.6% HRAnT in avr). VO2
before each kata was 14.7, 13.4, 19.9, 12.5 and 9.3 mlO2/kg/min (27.5% VO2max,30.1% VO2AnT in avr) and after the performance 39.1,
41.6, 33.7, 29.5 and 28.2 mlO2/kg/min (67.7% VO2max,73.8 VO2AnT in avr). LA before each kata was 1.2, 12.6, 14.2, 14.3 and 16.8
mmol/l; after kata 5.7, 13.2, 14.4, 14.4 and 13.0 mmol/l and 3 min after kata 11.3, 13.4, 14.0, 13.9 and 13.9 mmol/l.
DISCUSSION: HR after the kata performance indicates extremely high intensity of activity which goes even above the HRmax estimated on
the treadmill test. The HRpeak was lower in the last 3 katas, which can be attributed to the more economical performances and accumulated
fatigue. Analysing the VO2 after each performance, which is always lower than after the previous one, it can be concluded that
anaerobic metabolism is increasing with each performance. It also indicates that 5 min break is not enough for complete recovery. This
has also been supported by values of LA. Each consecutive kata has been performed with higher LA which also indicates insufficient
recovery period and glicolitic character of the activity.
CONCLUSION: In comparison to already reported results, this case study presents higher physiological demands of kata performance. It
is likely due to the highly trained subject examined and higher level of kata performances. Kata performance can be considered as high
intensity anaerobic activity with high lactate tolerance demands of an athlete. Situational training (5 katas with 5 min recovery) can be
considered as extremely demanding system in which the anaerobic metabolism is increasing with each consecutive kata and the rest
period is insufficient for full recovery.
REFERENCES
Imamura, H. et al. (1999). Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 342-347
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