european college of sport science

OP-BC01 Biochemistry
The relationship between exercise and infection incidence may depend on the intensity and duration of the activity. The aim of the present
study was to investigate the influence of long term intensive training over the functional features of innate immune cells from high
competitive level swimmers, particularly concerning the production of inflammatory mediators.
Methods: We adopted a single group repeated measures design to study 18 swimmers. Blood samples were collected after 36hours of
rest from exercise at four times during the training season: 1) in the beginning of the winter season, after an off training period of 5/6
weeks (t0) 2) after 7 weeks of training (t1) 3) at the 25th week (t2) and 4) at 29th week of training. We looked at the production of IL-1beta,
IL-6, IL-12, TNF-alpha and MIP-1beta by neutrophils and monocytes with or without stimulation. The blood samples were incubated in the
presence or the absence of LPS and IFN-y and the frequency of cytokine producing cells and the amount of each cytokine produced by
cell were evaluated by flow cytometry. Monocytes were identified by the expression of CD33, CD14, HLA-DR and by their FSC and SSC
characteristics. Neutrophils were identified by their particular FSC and SSC characteristics and the absence of HLA-DR.
Results: The frequency and absolute numbers of neutrophils and monocytes did not significantly change during the season with the
exception of a decrease in the absolute numbers of monocytes between t0 and t1.
Without stimulation, no significant frequencies of cytokine producing cells were observed during the season with the exception of MIP-
1beta. The 6h stimulation with LPS and IFN-y, did not induce cytokine expression by neutrophils.
The number of cytokine producing monocytes significantly decreased during the season. Additionally the amount of IL-1beta, TNF-αlpha
and MIP-1beta produced by these cells in response to stimulation also decreased during the training season. The differences were most
noticeable between the first (baseline values) and second blood collections, corresponding to the initial increment of training volume. The
exceptions were IL-6 and IL-12 that decreased from t0 to t1 but with no statistical significance.
Conclusions
Our results support the idea that long term intensive training may affect the ability of monocytes to produce important cytokines involved
in immune function responses reducing the cells capacity to respond to acute challenges, like an infectious agent, possibly contributing to
an elevated risk of upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) episodes in athletes.
ACTN3 R577X AND ACE I/D GENE POLYMORPHISMS IN BULGARIAN ATHLETES
ANDONOV, S., SARAEVA, R., ANDONOVA, S., KANEVA, R., BACHEV, V., BONOV, P., KREMENSKI, I., ATANASOV, P.
NATIONAL SPORTS ACADEMY
Strength and speed human biomotor capacities are strongly genetically inherited, thus further influence with external stimuli (physical
loading) when lack predisposition is almost impossible. The aim of this study was to analyse ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene polymorphisms
among 70 professional athletes, divided into three groups according to a power-time model, and 44 controls from Bulgarian
population. Correlations have been made between genotypes and physiological and biochemical parameters at anaerobic conditions,
using Wingate test. Genotyping was performed by RFLP analysis. We found that ACTN3 RR and RX genotypes significantly correlate with
Peak Power Output (p=0,0004 and 0,004), Relative Power Output (p=0,0002 and 0,002) and Fatigue Index (p=0,04). Lactate Dehydrogenase
enzyme activity was also statistically different in genotype before and after the Wingate test. In contrast, there were no significant
differences when referred to XX genotype athletes and controls of those parameters. R-allele frequency was higher in Endurance group
(0,70) than Anaerobic Capacity Group (0,50) (p=0,004), contrary to the prevailing data showing association of endurance with X-allele.
ACE ID genotype athletes have significantly different PPO and RPO from ID controls, an observation which was not present in DD and II
genotypes. We therefore conclude that XX genotype is unfavourable for speed/power performance. Higher R-allele frequency may lead
to positive influence over the power component in endurance sports. Furthermore, the presence of D-allele in ACE heterozygous persons
also indicates favourable conditions for speed and strength capacities development.
References
Alvarez R, Terrados N, et.al. Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin system and athletic performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000 82(1-2)
Druzhevskaya AM, Ahmetov II, Astratenkova IV, Rogozkin VA. Association of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism with power athlete status in
Russians. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008 103(6)
MacArthur DG, North KN. Genes and human elite athletic performance. Hum Genet 2005 116(5)
Montgomery HE, et al. The renin-angiotensin system and physical performance. Biochem Soc Trans. 2003 31(6)
Nazarov IB, Woods DR, Montgomery HE, Shneider OV, Kazakov VI, Tomilin NV, Rogozkin VA The angiotensin converting enzyme I/D
polymorphism in Russian athletes. Eur J Hum Genet 2001 9:797 801
Norman B. et al. Strength, Power, Fiber Types and mRNA expression in Trained Men and Women with different ACTN3 R577X Genotypes.
J Appl Physiol. 2009 106(3)
Roth SM, Hurley BF et al. The ACTN3 R577X nonsense allele is under-represented in elite-level strength athletes. Eur J Hum Genet 2008
16(3)
Taylor RR, Mamotte CDS, Fallon K, van Bockxmeer FM. Elite athletes and the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme. J Appl Physiol 1999
87(3)
Woods D, et al.. Elite swimmers and the D allele of the ACE I/D polymorphism. Hum Genet 2001 108:230 232
Yang N., et al. ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Am J Hum Genet 2003 73(3)
ADIPOSE TISSUE TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE ACTIVITY IN LEAN AND OBESE MEN DURING AEROBIC EXERCISE
PETRIDOU, A., CHATZINIKOLAOU, A., MICHAILIDIS, I., FATOUROS, I., JAMURTAS, A.Z., MOUGIOS, V.
ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI
Introduction: Triacylglycerol lipase catalyzes the committed step in the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue. In our laboratory,
we have studied triacylglycerol lipase activity (TGLA) in the adipose tissue of lean men during aerobic exercise by using a novel assay
of the actual enzyme activity against endogenous triacylglycerols (Petridou and Mougios 2002). Through the same assay, we have recently
found a delayed lipolytic response to resistance exercise of obese compared to lean men, which may be due to the unusual increase
in the antilipolytic hormone, insulin, in the obese during exercise (Chatzinikolaou et al. 2008). The aim of the present study was to
monitor and compare acute changes in adipose tissue TGLA during aerobic exercise between lean and obese men.
Methods
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ANNUAL CONGRESS OF THE EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT SCIENCE