european college of sport science

PP-TT02 Training and Testing 2
Borg’s scale (4) and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at 30’ after the end of competition. The maximun heart rate was determined using
Tanaka’s formula (208 - 0.7*age). Mean, standard deviation and Spearman’s correlation were used for data analysis
Results: Mean RPE using Borg’s scale (4.8 ±1.6) was strongly correlated with VAS (68 ±8) (r=0,87)
HR expressed as percent HRmax showed very high values throughout the whole race, with a uniform trend: 1st quarter 90.7 ±6.2 %(157.8
bpm ±14.4); 2nd quarter 93.3 ±6.0% (162.0 bpm ±7.2); 3rd quarter 95.8 ±4.8 %(166.5 bpm ±7.0); 4th quarter 98.1 ±6.2% (170.7 bpm
±13.3) (fig.2). The performance of the present competition was 93.9% ±3.2 of their personal best (1h 21’ 01” ± 2’08”)
Discussion: Athletes that are trained to perceive their fatigue can use either scale, or VAS or the Borg scale that were strongly correlated.
However, the perception of fatigue data do not correlate with the HR measured during competition that was always above 90% of their
HRmax. At the moment the athletes are asked to answer to the two different scales, most probably the sensation of fatigue is strongly
reduced also by the satisfaction of a positive result and does not reflect the real fatigue they were actually feeling during competition.
References
1. Esteve-Lanao J., San Juan A. F., Earnest C.P., Foster C., Lucia A.: How do endurance runners actually train? Relationship with competition
performance. Medicine & science in sport & exercise 0195-9131/05/3703-0496. (2005)
2. Esteve-Lanao J., Foster C., Seiler S., Lucia A.: Impact of training intensity distribution on performance in endurance athletes. Journal of
strength and conditioning research. 21(3). 943-949 (2007)
3. Achten J., Jeukendrup E. A.: Heart Rate Monitoring Applications and Limitations. Sports Med 33 (7): 517-538. (2003)
4. Foster C., Florhaug A. J., Franklin J., Gottschall L., Hrovatin A. L., Parker S., Doleshal P., Dodge C.: A New Approach to Monitoring Exercise
Training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(1), 109–115. (2001)
COMPARISON OF PHOTOCELL AND OPTOJUMP MEASUREMENTS OF MAXIMAL RUNNING VELOCITY
DOLENEC, A., COH, M.
UNIVERSITY OF LJUBLJANA, FACULYT OF SPORT
Due to additional data on the stride length, the contact and flight times, a combination of photocells and optojump (OJ) measurements
are lately being used to measure running velocity. As both systems are used to measure velocity, this research focused to ascertain
whether velocity measurement results obtained by either photocells or by OJ are the equivalent.
The research involved 17 sprinters (11 male and 6 female). Their average best score in a 100 m run was 11.24 s (+-0.56), the age 19.9 years
(+-3.4), height 1.74 m (+- 7.4), weight 65.6 kg (+-7.57). Each of them performed two sprints of 20 meters, flying start. For further analysis,
the fastest sprint measured with the photocells was used. The velocity was simultaneously measured by the photocells (Brower timing,
USA) and OJ (Microgate, Italy). The photocells were installed at four consecutive, 5 meters long sections. Photocells were installed at a 1.14
meter height. The OJ was installed from the first to the last pair of photocells. In measurements with OJ, foot contact closest to the photocells
was used to determine the beginning and the end of an individual section. A t-test for related samples was used to compare the
variables measured by photocells and by OJ. The ANOVA test was used to test the differences among the variables that were measured
with the same method.
In measurements with photocells, the running velocity on the 10- to 15-meter section was 10% higher than the running velocity on 0- to 5meter
section. On the 0- to 5-meter section, the measured velocity was statistically significantly lower than the velocities measured on
other sections. In OJ measurements, there were no statistically significant oscillations in velocities as per individual sections. Velocities
measured with photocells and OJ statistically significant differed on two sections. The velocity measured with photocells on the 0- to 5metre
section was statistically significantly lower than the velocity measured with OJ. While on the 10- to 15-meter sections, the situation
was just the opposite. Regardless of the section length (5, 10, 15, or 20 m), the average speed measured with the photocells was always
statistically significantly lower than the average velocity measured with OJ.
The results of maximal velocity measurements with single beam photocells installed 1.14 meters high cannot be compared to results of
maximal velocity measurement done by OJ in cases when the measurement sections are 5 to 20 meters long. Further researches should
be carried out in order to ascertain which of the timing system gives the results that would be closer to the actual centre of mass velocity.
CREATINE KINASE MONITORING AND PERFORMANCE DURING 3 WEEKS OF HIGH ALTITUDE TRAINING IN ELITE MID-
DLE AND LONG DISTANCE RUNNERS
SPERLICH, B., ACHTZEHN, S., DE MAREES, M., MESTER, J.
GERMAN SPORT UNIVERSITY COLOGNE
INTRODUCTION: Creatine kinase (CK) is a highly sensitive marker for muscle damage. It is well known that a wide range of exercise
modalities such as high-intensity, volume training, and especially weight-bearing eccentric exercise cause the greatest rises in CK. Usually
peak values are seen 24-48 hour after such exercise. Therefore a daily monitoring of CK and other exercise relevant strain markers
could facilitate coaches in controlling training load. Especially, middle and long distance runners perform training camps in order to
increase performance. Within these, training volume and/or intensity increases considerably compared to “normal” training procedures.
Until today no clear consensus exists on which threshold of CK elevation correlates with changes in performance as well as other monitoring
parameters.
METHOD: 9 (2 female) highly trained middle and long distance runners from the German National Track and Field team were monitored
daily during a training camp at 2100m altitude. Values for CK, resting heart rate (HR) and body weight (BW) were collected in the morning
hours between 7AM and 9AM. Additionally all athletes had to rate their overall body perception (BP) and quality of sleep (QS) on a six
point scale (1=very good, 6=very poor). Running speed (V3) at 3 mmol/l blood lactate was assessed before and after the training camp.
All middle and long distance runners performed the same amount of training session. Each athletes performed two to three training
session per day. One day with less training volume and intensity was set after 3-5 consecutive days depending on training advancement.
Training intensity was controlled by heart rate, lactate values as well as CK and perceptual values. One-two days of degraded BP and QS
accompanied by elevated CK resulted in a reduction of intensity or training volume.
RESULT: V3 increase form 4.4±0.2 pre to 4.6±0.2. Baseline values for CK in mean were 163.1±43.8 U/L ranging from 96-241U/L. Highest
values during the three weeks were found at day 17 of 20 ranging from 233 to 679 U/L. Mean CK Values for all athletes in three
weeks was 346.5±146.5 U/L. The individual CK kinetics over the complete period of time revealed individuals with generally lower CK
values 223 vs. individuals with considerably higher CK values (501 U/L) but same work load. Despite clear mean increase in CK body
228 14 TH
ANNUAL CONGRESS OF THE EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT SCIENCE