european college of sport science

Wednesday, June 24th, 2009
conducted by two sets of 10 repetitions (3s for eccentric and concentric actions, 1-s pause) of push up, reverse push up, sit up, side arm
back extension, half squat, hip lift. Each training items of interval was one minute. It was measured height, weight, body mass index,
body fat, brachial blood pressure, ankle blood pressure, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), pulse pressure, heart rate by four
times (before training, four weeks, eight weeks, twelve weeks) for twelve weeks. Subjects rested in the supine position for 10 min before
measurements. baPWV was measured using formPWV/ABI (Colin Co., Ltd, Komaki, Japan) and by the oscillometric method. This device
recorded the PWV, blood pressure, an electrocardiogram.
There were no significant differences in the before training baPWV among the four groups. Blood pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate
were unchanged by slow speed resistance training for eight weeks. %HRmax was 47±4.04 during the slow training.
Consequently, it was clarified that arterial stiffness was not changed by slow speed resistance training of one’s own weight for eight
weeks.
(1) Westcott, W. L. et al. (2001). Effects of regular and slow speed resistance training on muscle strength. Journal of Sports Medicine and
Physical Fitness 41:154-8
(2) Okamoto, T. et al. (2006). Effects of eccentric and concentric resistance training on arterial stiffness. Journal of Human Hypertention 20 :
348-354
13:00 - 14:00
Poster presentations
PP-HF05 Health and Fitness 5
MEASURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ACTIVE COMMUTING
SCHANTZ, P., STIGELL, E.
THE RESEARCH UNIT FOR MOVEMENT, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
Purpose
From a public health point of view it is of interest to position different forms of existing physically active behaviours in relation to potential
health outcomes. In order to do so, there is a need to establish the energy turnover per week related to a certain form of physical activity.
With a research focus on active commuting, it is possible to combine data on route distance, frequency of trips per week and energy
demands per kg body weight and km of commuting. For this purpose is has proven to be necessary to develop different methods, and
recently we have established a criterion method for route distance measurements (Schantz & Stigell 2009). For reasons of simplicity and
large scale studies, the aim of this study is to investigate whether other often used methods for estimating route distances are valid and
reproducible.
Methods: A total of 133 individuals participated in the study after having been recruited while walking or cycling to work in the inner urban
area of Stockholm, Sweden. They drew their commuting routes on maps and answered different questions in a questionnaire twice, with
slightly more than two weeks in between. Route distances were determined with the criterion method (Schantz & Stigell 2009) and compared
with distance values obtained by four other methods: self-reported data, straight-line distance, geographic information system
(GIS) modelled shortest routes and global positioning system (GPS).
Results: No order effects were noted for any of the methods. All of them, with self-reported data being the sole exception, displayed a
very high reproducibility. However, to varying degrees, the methods either under- or overestimated the route distances (range: -21 to
+27%).
Conclusion: The study reveals that a number of methods commonly used within the transport sector for determining route distances are
not successful in accurately describing route distance when walking or bicycling for commuting purposes. By using correction factors, the
deviations in mean values from the corresponding values obtained by the criterion method, can be neutralized. However, on the individual
level, deviances from the correct value will still exist. This problem exists for all methods, but it is particularly evident for the selfreported
data. Therefore, when there is need for distance values for analytical purposes, for example in a scientific context, the criterion
method (Schantz & Stigell 2009) is recommended.
References
Schantz, P. & Stigell E. 2009. A criterion method for measuring route distance in physically active commuting. Med Sci Sports Exerc 4 (2):
472-478
INCREASING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND IDENTIFYING REASONS FOR INCATIVITY - A REVIEW
ROVIO, E., LINTUNEN, T., HAVAS, E.
LIKES RESEARCH CENTER, JYVÄSKYLÄ, FINLAND
Introduction: The aim of this poster is to (1) evaluate intervention studies aiming at increasing physical activity and (2) suggest new approaches
to the study of physical inactivity and behavioral change from the sociological and social psychological points of view. Most of
the people in the developed countries are not sufficiently physically active for physical activity to have a beneficial effects on their health. In
addition, physical inactivity decreases productivity in the work place, causes workplace absenteeism and has significant effect on social
and health care costs.
Methods: A review of the current literature and earlier physical activity intervention studies.
Results: Researchers have used a wide variety of interventions to stimulate increased physical activity (Biddle & Mutrie, 2008). Informational
approaches aim at increasing knowledge and changing attitudes, while behavioral and social approaches aim at teaching behavioral
management skills and at creating facilitative social environments. Environmental and policy approaches in turn aim at building a
safe and attractive structure for physical activity (e.g., on the institutional/legislative level through changing organizational regulations,
policies, and laws). Targets of interventions have been individuals, groups and communities (e.g., school, workplace). In general, it is
relatively easy to increase physical activity in the short term, but not permanently (Biddle & Mutrie, 2008). Strategies that would be successful
in enhancing physical activity have been hard to determine.
OSLO/NORWAY, JUNE 24-27, 2009 37