european college of sport science

PP-TT06 Training and Testing 6
capacities occurs around at time of peak height velocity among youth soccer players. Even though the peak height velocity is obviously
independent from exact chronological age, the Finnish junior soccer teams are organized based on chronological age. Therefore, the
aim of this study was to examine in which chronological age group the peak development of different body composition variables and
functional capacities occurs.
Methods. Three age groups (10y, 12y and 14y) of the regional club team (n = 12-14 players/team) representing area of around 160 000
habitants were followed two years in terms of body composition (height, weight; standard techniques, muscle mass; bioimpedance
Inbody 720), hormonal status (testosterone; basal venous sample after 12 h fasting), speed (30 m; light cells), agility (8-track; light cells),
explosive strength (CMJ; contact mat, 5-step; standard technique), isometric strength (legs 107º, abdominals, back; dynamometer) and
soccer skills (passing and dribbling; skill tracks). Thus, in the present set-up age groups from 10y to 16y were covered so that the same
players were followed from 10y to 12y, from 12y to 14y and from 14y to 16y.
Results. The relative peak development in measured variable occurred between 10y to 11y in soccer skills (8.4 ± 2.6 %); between 12y to 13y
in length (5.0 ± 1.7 %), weight (14.1 ± 4.6 %), muscle mass (15.2 ± 7.9 %), speed (5.2 ± 3.8 %) and agility (3.8 ± 2.6 %); between 13y to 14y in
hormonal status (5.8 ± 5.5 nmol/l), CMJ (13.5 ± 10.4 %) and leg strength (24.1 ± 28.4 %); between 14y to 15y in 5-step (8.1 ± 4.2 %), abdominal
strength (26 ± 16.5 %) and back strength (17.7 ± 12.7 %). No peak development was found between 11y to 12y or between 15y to
16y in any measured variables.
Conclusions. The results of the present study suggested that the peak development during puberty in Finnish regional soccer players
occurred first in the basic soccer skills followed by the changes in body composition and speed related tasks and finally in the explosive
and maximal strength. From the results of the present study it can be recommended that the soccer training should focus on exercises
which develop speed and basic soccer skills in early puberty. At the age of 14 years the players are ready to begin strength training and
are hormonally more ready for “adult-like soccer training”.
References
[1] Malina & al. (2004) Growth, Maturation and Physical Activity. Human Kinetics: Champaign.
[2] Phillippaerts & al. (2006) J Sports Sci, 24(3): 221-230.
OBSERVATIONAL METHODOLOGY IN FOOTBALL: DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENT TO STUDY GOALKEEPER BE-
HAVIOR IN THE DEFENSIVE PROCESS – SOFGR1.
SARMENTO, H., ESTEVES, A., MARTINS, N., OLIVEIRA, C., LEITÃO, J., ANGUERA, T., CAMPANIÇO, J.
UTAD; UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA
Traditional methods for quantifying sport performances (e.g., frequency of actions) are limited in their ability to describe the interaction of
events that occur over time (Borrie et al., 2002). The aim of our study was to develop an innovative instrument for observation that can
strengthen the existing schemes of game analysis in football in order to provide specific additional information on the behavior of Goalkeepers
(GK) during the Defensive Process (DP).
The observational design of this study is located in quadrant IV, i.e. it has got a Follow-up design/Nomothetic/multidimensional (Anguera
et al., 2000). The observational instrument is formed by a combination of field format and systems of categories. Our research focused on
binomial Finalization/GK or attempted Finalization/GK, and investigated what precedes the finalization and what happens to the completion
of the GK intervention.
The games were recorded on VHS video and then converted to MPEG-1. Our decision in relation to the observational sample took into
account the establishment of 2 sampling levels (intersessional and intrasessional), from which a series of measures were taken. After a
series of experimental observational sessions to test the observational instrument and to train the observers, we analyzed the quality of
data through the intra-observer agreement (verified by the Kappa index of reliability of Cohen). The comparison of data recorded during
the observational period was done using the SDIS-GSEQ program and its function for “calculating the Kappa coefficient”.
The resultant observational instrument ’ad hoc’ was created according to four criteria: i) guiding the offensive process; ii) offensive end of
the process; iii) GK in the defensive process; and iv) effectiveness of the GK in the defensive process. The instrument of codification was
sufficiently discriminatory; therefore fulfilling the requirements for the purpose it was created. It also demonstrated to be highly reliable,
seen by the high correlation values (over 97,5 % for all criteria), and therefore opening the possibility for more objectives studies.
This instrument may be improved in the future by adapting it to the specific aims of the investigation and knowing that one can add or
delete criteria, or simply focus on specific aspects of interest in studying certain football match periods.
Anguera, M. T.; Blanco, Á.; Losada, J. & Mendo, A. (2000). La MetodologíaObservacional en el Deporte: conceptos básicos. Lecturas
Educación Física y Deportes. Revista Digital. Ano 5 - N.º 24. Buenos Aires. Argentina.
Borrie, A.; Jonsson, G. K. & Magnusson, M. S. (2002) ’Temporal pattern analysis and its applicability in sport: an explanation and exemplar
data’, Journal of Sports Sciences, 20:10, 845 – 852.
A COMPARISON OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS BETWEEN FOOTBALL PLAYERS AND RUNNERS COMPETING IN
VARIOUS RUNNING EVENTS
VUCETIC, V., PUCEK, M., SENTIJA, D.
FACULTY OF KINESIOLGY UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, CROATIA
Introduction: Which type of endurance is crucial in modern football - aerobic or anaerobic? Over the last 20 years football has evolved,
especially in terms of athletic preparation of the players, to answer demands of higher intensity of the game and longer field distances
covered by players. All those changes require specific training methods and corresponding physiological adaptations of the players.
Trained runners, competing in different running events, may serve as role models through the whole range of endurance capacities, from
purely anaerobic to ultra-distance aerobic endurance. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to compare football players with
runners, in parameters of an all-out incremental treadmill test with gas exchange measurements: peak oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal
heart rate (HRmax), maximal running speed achieved in the test (vmax), and speed (vAT) and heart rate (HRAT) at the anaerobic
threshold.
Methods: Forty-eight national level male runners, competing in running events with predominantly aerobic (AE: 23 middle and long
distance runners, 179.6±6.2 cm, 69.1±6.5 kg) or anaerobic (AN: 25 sprinters and 400m runners, 182.5±4.8 cm, 74.5±5.8 kg) metabolic
demands, and 45 national/international level football players: 15 defenders (D, 184.4±5.7cm, 77.2±17.7kg); 15 midfielders
(M, 179.7±7.0 cm, 76.1±6.8 kg) and 15 forwards (F, 180.9±6.0 cm, 77.7±8.3 kg) participated in the study. All subjects performed an
62 14 TH
ANNUAL CONGRESS OF THE EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT SCIENCE