european college of sport science

Friday, June 26th, 2009
curve (iT), force variability (fV – SD in iT) and a fatigue index (FI - % decline in iT). A 2 (Attentional Focus Type) X 8 (Repetition) Repeated
Measures ANOVA analysed differences in iT. Paired samples t-tests were used to assess differences in fV and FI.
Results: iT was significantly (p < 0.05) greater when external focus was adopted (126.88, SE = 8.59 N m) compared to an internal focus
(119.20, SE = 9.67 N m). An external focus was also associated with significantly (p < 0.05) greater fV (10.17 N m) compared to an internal
focus (8.00 N m), but there were no differences in observed fatigue over the course of repetitions in either internal (88.72%) or external
(85.55%) focus condition.
Discussion/Conclusion: Supporting recent previous research, an external focus of attention increased force production in an exercise task
when compared to an internal focus. Attentional focus did not influence fatigue characteristics effects over the course of this exercise, but
requires further research. These findings have significant implications for the instruction of exercise and rehabilitation exercises.
References
Marchant, D. C., Greig, M., & Scott, C. (in press). Attentional focusing instructions influence force production and muscular activity during
isokinetic elbow flexions. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research .
Marchant, D. C., Greig, M., & Scott, C. (2008). Attentional Focusing Strategies Influence Muscle Activity During Isokinetic Biceps Curls.
Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology, 10 (2).
Vance, J., Wulf, G., Töllner, T., McNevin, N., & Mercer, J. (2004). EMG activity as a function of the performer’s focus of attention. Journal of
Motor Behavior , 36 (4), 450-459.
14:15 - 15:15
Poster presentations
PP-SM06 Sports Medicine 6
EFFECT OF MODERATE RESISTIVE TRAINING ON IMMUNE FUNCTION IN ELDERLY PEOPLE
SHIMIZU, K., AIZAWA, K., SUZUKI, N., IMAI, T., NANBA, H., AKIMOTO, T., KUNO, S., MESAKI, N., AKAMA, T., KONO, I.
WASEDA UNIVERSITY
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of resistive training on age-related impairment of immune parameters in elderly
individuals. Twenty-four elderly subjects were assigned to an exercise training group (EXC: 3 males, 9 females; aged 61–76) or a nonexercise
control group (CON: 4 males, 8 females; aged 62–79). Subjects in EXC participated in exercise sessions 2-days a week for 12
weeks. Meanwhile, subjects in CON maintained their normal physical activity levels during the study period. Blood samples were collected
before and after the training period. Samples were measured for the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes, as well
as for CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD28+CD4+, CD28+CD8+, TRL-4+CD14+, CD80+CD14+ cells. The number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes,
CD3+ CD4+ and CD8+ cells did not change after 12 weeks in both EXC and CON. The number of CD28+CD8+ cells significantly
increased after the training in EXC (P < 0.05), while CON did not show significant changes. In the EXC group, CD80+CD14+ cell numbers
were significantly higher following the training (P < 0.05), but the number of TLR-4+CD14+ cells was not changed. In the CON group, there
were no significant alterations in TLR-4+CD14+ and CD80+CD14+ cell numbers. In conclusion, moderate resistance training in the elderly
is associated with improvement of expressions of CD28 on Tc cells and CD80 on monocytes. Therefore, moderate resistive training could
up-regulate T-cell activation in elderly people.
THE EFFECT OF LONG-DISTANCE TRANSPORTATION BY AIRPLANE ON SALIVARY SIGA AND CONDITION IN ELITE JUN-
IOR SPEED SKATERS
KON, M., MAEGAWA, T., SUZUKI, N., IIZUKA, T., TANISYO, K., YUDA, J., AOYANAGI, T., TAKAAHSHI, H.
JAPAN INSTITUTE OF SPORTS SCIENCES
Introduction: Elite athletes often use airplane when they participate in an international competition. It has been reported that a longdistance
transportation decreased mucosal immune function (salivary secretory immunoglobulin A: SIgA) in healthy men and women
(Terasawa et al., 2008).&#12288;However, the effect of long distance transportation by airplane on salivary SIgA and condition in athlete
has never been studied so far. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-distance transportation by airplane on
salivary SIgA and condition in elite junior speed skaters.
Methods: The subjects were 7 elite junior speed skaters who participated in the North America (Calgary) expedition in 2008. Saliva samples
were collected before and after the transportation, and saliva flow rate, salivary SIgA concentration, and salivary SIgA secretion rate
were measured. A survey of upper respiratory tract infection symptoms was also conducted before the transportation, 1 day, 2 days,
3days, and 4 days after the transportation.
Results: The saliva flow rate (-21.4 %), SIgA concentration (-33.3 %) and SIgA secretion rate (-52.0 %) significantly decreased after the
transportation (p < 0.05). One of 7 subjects exhibited upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms after the transportation. In addition,
the decreasing rate of SIgA levels in the subject exhibited URTI symptoms was the highest of all the subjects.
Discussion: These results suggest that the transportation decrease salivary SIgA levels in elite junior speed skaters. In addition, our data
might suggest that incidence of URTI symptoms is related to the SIgA level of each subject. There is a possibility that the long-distance
transportation by airplane induces a decrease in SIgA levels of elite athletes and leads to a decrease in their condition. Because saliva
collection is easy and non-invasive, it is easy to enlist a cooperation of elite athletes. If it becomes possible to measure salivary SIgA more
easily, the monitoring of SIgA levels may be useful for the conditioning of elite athletes with an aim to prevent the incidence of URTI during
long-distance transportation.
References
Terasawa J, Shimizu K, Abe A, Keisuke N, Suzuki T, Akama T (2008), Sport Science Research, 5, 163-171.
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