Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PM2.5 emissions and receptor modelling 41. Emissions of these pollutants occur to varying degrees from stationary and mobile combustion, industrial processes and agricultural sources. Many of the European regulations and national legislation that control direct emissions of PM also control emissions of these precursors, although the abatement options are different for each pollutant. The Large Combustion Plants Directive and IPPC Directive apply to NOx and SO2, while SO2 emissions are also influenced by the Sulphur in Liquid Fuels Directive (1999/32/EC). Vehicle emission directives limit emissions of NOx and NMVOCs from vehicle exhausts, though there is evidence to suggest that these directives have not been effective in reducing “real world” NOx emissions from modern diesel vehicles manufactured to meet Euro III-V standards (Carslaw et al., 2011). The Fuel Quality Directive (2009/30/EC) limits the volatility and sulphur content of transport fuels. The Solvent Emissions Directive (1999/13/EC) limits emissions of NMVOCs due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations. Emissions from shipping are controlled under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), which sets limits on the sulphur content of marine fuels and NOx emissions from new engines. More stringent standards are now controlling emissions from new aircraft engines. Further information on legislation and abatement options for these pollutants can be found in previous AQEG reports 9 and SNIFFER (2010). 42. Figure 4.6 shows the UK emissions of NOx, SO2, NMVOCs and NH3 from 1990- 2020. The figures are taken from the latest version of the NAEI, covering the years up to 2009 (Passant et al., 2011), and projections up to 2020 based on DECC’s UEP38 energy projections. Figure 4.6 also shows how precursor emissions in the UK have fallen by varying amounts over the period from 1990- 2009, partly due to the varying contributions made by different sectors to each pollutant. Emissions of NOx have fallen by 59% since 1990 due mainly to reductions from road transport and combustion for power generation. Estimations are on the basis of the current vehicle emission factors used in the NAEI which have been brought into question. The NAEI is currently switching to a new set of emission factors that are more in line with up-to-date evidence on the efficiency of recent and current Euro standards for diesel vehicles. When implementation is completed, this is likely to lead to a reduction in the estimated rate of decline in UK NOx emissions over recent years. NMVOC emissions have fallen by 70% since 1990, mainly due to reductions from road transport. SO2 emissions have fallen by 89% since 1990, almost entirely due to reductions in combustion emissions from the power generating industry. Emissions of NH3 are dominated by agricultural sources and have only declined by 21% since 1990. 43. As well as showing different trends over time because of differences in source contributions, the PM2.5 precursor emissions also exhibit different spatial patterns, as shown in Figure 4.7, for example, where NOx emissions are dominant in major urban areas, and NH3 emissions occur predominantly in more rural areas of England. The contribution of different UK precursor emissions to ambient PM2.5 therefore varies spatially as well as having varied over time due to the different trends in emissions of each precursor gas. 9 See http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/air/air-quality/committees/aqeg/publish/. 93
PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes) Emissions (ktonnes) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 94 500 500 44. Due to abatement of emissions from stationary and mobile combustion sources, largely brought about by legislation and EU directives, UK emissions of both NOx and SO2 are predicted to continue falling, by around 35-40% by 2020 relative to 2009 levels. Much smaller reductions are predicted in UK emissions of NMVOCs (8%) and NH3 (< 1%). Again, the projections for NOx use the existing vehicle emission factors and, when the new emission factors are used, a smaller reduction in NOx emissions for 2020 is expected. Total UK NMVOC Emissions (1990-2009, 2015 and 2020) 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Total UK SO2 Emissions (1990-2009, 2015 and 2020) 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Other 1 A 4 Combustion in the Domestic / Commercial/ Public Sectors 1 A 3 Transport 2 Industrial Processes 1 B 2 Emissions from Oil & Natural Gas Extraction 3 Solvent and Other Product Use Other 1 A 3 Transport 2 Industrial Processes 1 A 4 Combustion in the Domestic / Commercial/ Public sectors 1 A 2 Combustion in Industry 1 A 1 Combustion in the Energy Industries Emissions (ktonnes) Emissions (Ktonnes) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Total UK NOx Emissions (1990-2009, 2015 and 2020) 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Total UK NH 3 Emissions (1990-2009, 2015 and 2020) 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Other 1 A 4 Combustion in the Domestic / Commercial/ Public Sectors 1 A 2 Combustion in Industry 1 A 1 Combustion in the Energy Industries 1 A 3 Transport Other 1 A 3 Transport Figure 4.6: UK emissions of PM2.5 precursor gases: NOx, SO2, NMVOCs and NH3 (1990-2020). 45. Road transport is a relatively small source of NH3 emissions compared to agriculture, but its contribution in urban areas, where it could make a larger contribution to local ammonium nitrate formation, will be higher if traffic emissions are allowed to rise. Traffic emissions of NH3 are predominately from petrol cars and, according to the emissions inventory, are on the decline due to the fleet penetration of modern cars with improved catalytic converters and lower emission factors. However, the situation could change in the future if Euro V and VI diesel vehicles with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems for controlling NOx emissions fail and lead to NH3 slippage from the catalyst system. SCR works by intentionally adding NH3 to the exhaust stream through the injection of urea. There is no evidence yet of NH3 slippage from modern diesel vehicles, and the control systems are designed to prevent this from happening, but real world emissions performance of in-service diesel vehicles with SCR will need to be monitored to ensure that this is the case and that there are no increases in NH3 emissions from road transport in urban areas as these vehicles penetrate the fleet. 6 Waste 4 Agriculture
Page 1 and 2:
AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
Page 3 and 4:
This is a report from the Air Quali
Page 5 and 6:
II Membership Chair Professor Paul
Page 7 and 8:
IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
Page 9 and 10:
VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
Page 11 and 12:
VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
Page 13 and 14:
PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
Page 15 and 16:
PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
Page 17 and 18:
PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
Page 19 and 20:
PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
Page 21 and 22:
PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
Page 23 and 24:
PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
Page 25 and 26:
PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
Page 27 and 28:
PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
Page 29 and 30:
PM2.5 in the UK 18
Page 31 and 32:
PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
Page 33 and 34:
PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
Page 35 and 36:
PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
Page 37 and 38:
PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40:
PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
Page 41 and 42:
PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44:
PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46:
PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48:
PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50:
PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52:
PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
Page 55 and 56: PM2.5 in the UK 44
Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 85 and 86: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 87 and 88: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
Page 97 and 98: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 107 and 108: PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
Page 111 and 112: PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
Page 113 and 114: PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
Page 115 and 116: PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
Page 117 and 118: PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
Page 119 and 120: PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
Page 121 and 122: PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
Page 123 and 124: PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
Page 125 and 126: PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 131 and 132: PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
Page 133 and 134: PM2.5 in the UK 122
Page 135 and 136: PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
Page 137 and 138: PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
Page 139 and 140: PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
Page 141 and 142: PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
Page 143 and 144: PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
Page 145 and 146: PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
Page 147 and 148: PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
Page 149 and 150: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
Page 151 and 152: PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
Page 153 and 154: PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
Page 155 and 156:
PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
Page 157 and 158:
PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
Page 159 and 160:
PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
Page 161 and 162:
PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
Page 163 and 164:
PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
Page 165 and 166:
PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
Page 167 and 168:
PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
Page 169 and 170:
PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
Page 171 and 172:
PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
Page 173 and 174:
PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
Page 175 and 176:
PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
Page 177 and 178:
PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
Page 179 and 180:
PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
Page 181 and 182:
PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
Page 183 and 184:
PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
Page 185 and 186:
PM2.5 in the UK 174
Page 187 and 188:
PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
Page 189 and 190:
PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
Page 191 and 192:
PM2.5 in the UK 180
Page 193 and 194:
PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
Page 195 and 196:
PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
Page 197 and 198:
PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
Page 199 and 200:
PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
Page 201 and 202:
PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
Page 203:
PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
show all

Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?