Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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PM2.5/µgm -3 20 15 10 5 Roadside 0 5 12 hour 18 23 20 15 10 5 Concentrations and composition of PM2.5 Industrial 0 5 12 hour 18 23 Figure 3.3: Variation of PM2.5 concentrations (µg m -3 ) by hour of the day at roadside (n=9) and industrial sites (n=4) in 2010. The shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the mean. 3.2.3 Diurnal variations at a site in Lisburn, Northern Ireland 8. Laxen et al. (2010) noted that the site in Lisburn, Northern Ireland, was anomalous, showing much higher concentrations in 2009 that expected. This anomaly was retained in 2010, with a much greater diurnal variation in PM2.5 concentrations (Figure 3.4). The range over the day is around five times greater than at other urban background sites (cf. Figure 3.1). This is primarily due to high overnight concentrations at this site, which peak at a similar time to the peaks seen at other background sites (cf. Figure 3.2). It is suspected that these high concentrations are due to domestic heating, which is still supplied in part by solid fuel in Northern Ireland. This is supported by the observation that the evening peak is much larger during the winter than the summer (not shown). It is similar to the pattern for black carbon concentrations at Strabane (Figure 3.23), which has also been ascribed to domestic heating. The night-time peak will also relate to the more stable atmospheric conditions at night, which will enhance the impact of local emissions at this time. Clearly domestic solid and/or liquid fuel used for domestic heating can be a significant source of PM2.5, with black carbon being a major constituent. This source makes its most significant contribution during the evening. PM2.5/µgm -3 30 20 10 0 5 12 hour 18 23 30 20 10 J F M A M J hour J A S O N O Figure 3.4: Variation of PM2.5 concentrations (µg m 49 -3 ) by hour of the day and month of the year at the Lisburn site in Northern Ireland in 2010. The shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the mean. Note the different scale to the other figures.
PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal variations in PM2.5 at urban background sites 9. The pattern of PM2.5 concentrations by month of the year is summarised in Figure 3.5 for urban background sites in four geographic areas of the UK. The pattern during 2010 was broadly similar at all sites (and at roadside and industrial sites, not shown), with the concentrations declining steadily from January through to a minimum in July/August, before rising again to December. This is broadly similar to the pattern seen in 2009, although the highest concentrations in 2009 were in January not December (as was also the case in London in 2010) (Laxen et al., 2010). The patterns seen relate to greater emissions of both primary PM and secondary PM precursors during the winter, due to the higher heating load, as well as to the reduced dispersion of local sources during the winter period. It will also relate, in part, to the loss of semivolatile PM during summer months, which will be less prevalent during winter months. The range of monthly means is substantial, from 6 to 21 µg m -3 in northern UK, from 8 to 22 µg m -3 in central UK, from 9 to 20 µg m -3 in southern UK and from 9 to 22 µg m -3 in London. The particularly high monthly mean for December 2010 in the central and northern parts of the UK coincided with the coldest December for a number of years, particularly in Scotland, which will have contributed to additional heating loads and associated PM emissions. It is clear that wintertime concentrations will make the greatest contribution to the annual mean; it may thus be more effective to target measures at those sources contributing to the elevated wintertime concentrations. PM2.5/µgm -3 PM2.5/µgm -3 20 15 10 5 20 15 10 5 Northern UK J F M A M J J A S O N O Southern UK 20 15 10 5 20 15 10 Central J F M A M J J A S O N O London J F M A M J J A S O N O J F M A M J J A S O N O month month Figure 3.5: Variation of PM2.5 concentrations (µg m -3 ) at urban background sites by month of the year in 2010 at sites in northern UK (n=6), central UK (n=17), southern UK (n=10) and London (n=8). The shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the mean. 5
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
Page 9 and 10: VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
Page 11 and 12: VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
Page 13 and 14: PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
Page 15 and 16: PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
Page 17 and 18: PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
Page 19 and 20: PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
Page 21 and 22: PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
Page 23 and 24: PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
Page 25 and 26: PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
Page 27 and 28: PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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Page 31 and 32: PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
Page 33 and 34: PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
Page 35 and 36: PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
Page 37 and 38: PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40: PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
Page 41 and 42: PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
Page 55 and 56: PM2.5 in the UK 44
Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 85 and 86: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 87 and 88: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
Page 97 and 98: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103 and 104: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 105 and 106: PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
Page 107 and 108: PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
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PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
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PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 122
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
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PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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