Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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46% 21% 24% (a) Overall 5% 6% 3% (b) Episodes 0% 6% 1% 2% 23% 4% 6% 11% 26% 16% Concentrations and composition of PM2.5 Iron-rich dusts Calcium salts Sodium chloride Elemental carbon Organics Ammonium Sulphate Ammonium & sodium nitrate Other Figure 3.17: Composition of PM2.5 on all days (overall) and episode days (PM10 > 50 µg m -3 ) at a central urban background site in Birmingham (Yin and Harrison, 2008). 3.9.2 Individual constituents of PM2.5 42. The Ambient Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC) calls for measurement of the chemical composition of PM2.5 at rural sites, covering the following minimum list of chemical species: sulphate (SO4 2- ), sodium (Na + ), ammonium (NH4 + ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), elemental carbon (EC), nitrate (NO3 - ), potassium (K + ), chloride (Cl - ), magnesium (Mg 2+ ) and organic carbon (OC). These data are helpful in understanding the constituents of PM2.5, however, in order to allow further calculations of the overall composition of PM2.5 using the mass closure model, it will be necessary to include measurement of iron (Fe). It is therefore recommended that the measurement of iron (Fe) is included as part of the chemical composition monitoring programme. 69
PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has initiated a monitoring programme to meet the Directive requirements in respect of PM composition. MARGA instruments were installed at Auchencorth Moss (located to the south of Edinburgh) in 2006 and at Harwell (located to the south of Oxford) in 2009. These instruments specifically measure the species listed above in the PM2.5 and PM10 fractions on an hourly basis (but not Fe). The data have been examined carefully by AQEG, but concerns about their quality make them unsuitable for analysis. These concerns include concentrations being higher in the PM2.5 fraction than the PM10 fraction and a lack of ionic balance. It is therefore recommended that the suitability of these instruments for meeting reporting obligations under the Directive is reviewed. 44. Monitoring of total ambient nitrate, sulphate and ammonium concentrations has been undertaken over a number of years at sites across the UK (see Chapter 2). Although these measurements are not specifically for the PM2.5 size fraction, the results are still useful for an analysis of seasonal patterns and trends. 3.9.3 Seasonal pattern of nitrate and sulphate 45. The UK Acid Gases and Aerosols Monitoring Network (AGANet) has been in operation since 1999, with 12 original sites expanded to 30 sites in 2006. This Network records monthly mean concentrations. The seasonal pattern across all sites and all years is shown in Figure 3.18. The shaded area represents the uncertainty in the mean value for each month at the 95% confidence level, it does not represent the overall measurement of uncertainty. There is clear evidence of a nitrate peak in the early spring (~3 µg m -3 ), in particular in March and April, before a rapid drop to relatively constant concentrations for the rest of the year (~1.5 µg m -3 ). The sulphate concentrations are also highest in March and April (~1.4 µg m -3 ), but show only a slow decline over the summer, with the lowest concentrations occurring in the winter months (0.8-1.0 µg m -3 ). NO 2 30 25 20 15 Nitrate J F M A M J J A S O N D month SO 4 14 12 10 08 Sulphate J F M A M J J A S O N D month Figure 3.18: Variation of nitrate and sulphate concentrations (µg m -3 ) by month of the year (data from 30 AGANet sites, 1999-2009). The shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the mean. Note different scales.
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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Page 31 and 32: PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
Page 33 and 34: PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
Page 35 and 36: PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
Page 37 and 38: PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40: PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
Page 41 and 42: PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 85 and 86: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 87 and 88: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
Page 97 and 98: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103 and 104: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 105 and 106: PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
Page 107 and 108: PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
Page 111 and 112: PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
Page 113 and 114: PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
Page 115 and 116: PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
Page 117 and 118: PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
Page 119 and 120: PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
Page 121 and 122: PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
Page 123 and 124: PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
Page 125 and 126: PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 122
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
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PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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