Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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PM2.5 emissions and receptor modelling 86. In order to obtain greater insight into the sources responsible for organic compounds in the atmosphere, Yin et al. (2010) carried out a chemical mass balance (CMB) modelling study of the organic matter combined with major component chemical composition information to allow a more sophisticated reconstruction of organic matter mass. In order to employ a CMB model, they analysed a large number of organic molecular marker compounds within the particulate matter, including 13 n-alkanes, nine hopanes, 13 PAHs, 14 organic acids and two sterols. These were in addition to major chemical components and a range of trace element species (Harrison and Yin, 2010). This allowed disaggregation of the organic carbon (Yin et al., 2010) into the following source components: • vegetative detritus, i.e. fragments from leaves and other components of plants • wood smoke • particles from natural gas combustion • particles from coal combustion • suspended dust and soil • particles from diesel engines • particles from gasoline engines • particles from smoking engines. 87. The chemical profiles of the sources used in the CMB model are derived from North American studies. Smoking engines are made up of poorly-tuned diesel engines (black smokers) and older petrol engines burning significant oil (white smokers). These are thought to parallel most closely engine emissions from offroad machinery such as tractors, diggers, etc., and two-stroke engines in the UK. 88. The CMB method is able to apportion those components for which source chemical profiles are input. It is not possible to approach secondary organic carbon directly as there is no unique profile, but the method assigns mass to “other organic carbon”, i.e. from sources for which profiles have not been input. In the case of the samples from urban background and rural sites in the West Midlands, the “other organic carbon” represented a substantial proportion of the total carbonaceous mass and was found to correlate highly (R 2 = 0.92 for the rural site) with secondary organic carbon estimated using the elemental carbon tracer method (Yin et al., 2010). Once again, in this dataset the secondary organic carbon showed a close relationship to nitrate concentrations. 89. Measurements were also made of other major ionic components of the particles allowing estimation of concentrations of ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and sea salt. The results for an urban background site in Birmingham (EROS) and a rural site (CPSS) located approximately 20 km west of Birmingham appear in Figure 4.10. 111
PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contributions (µg m -3) PM2.5 contributions (µg m -3) 28.0 24.0 20.0 16.0 12.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 8.0 4.0 0.0 May07 May07 Urban Background (EROS) Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Sulphate SeaSalt Other OM Dust/Soil Coal PM2.5 Jun07 Jun07 Jul07 Jul07 Aug07 Sept07 Rural (CPSS) Aug07 Sept07 Oct07 Oct07 Nov07 Nov07 Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Sulphate SeaSalt Other OM Dust/Soil Coal PM2.5 Dec07 Dec07 Jan08 Feb08 Mar08 Apr08 Summer Winter Smoking Engines Gasoline Engines Diesel Engines Natural Gas Woodsmoke Vegetation Jan08 Feb08 Mar08 Apr08 Summer Winter Annual Annual Smoking Engines Gasoline Engines Diesel Engines Natural Gas Woodsmoke Vegetation Figure 4.10: Source contribution estimates for PM2.5 from the CMB model (Yin et al., 2010).
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
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PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
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PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
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PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
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PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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PM2.5 in the UK 44
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PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
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PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
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PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
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PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
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PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
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PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 85 and 86: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 87 and 88: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
Page 97 and 98: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103 and 104: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 105 and 106: PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
Page 107 and 108: PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
Page 111 and 112: PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
Page 113 and 114: PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
Page 115 and 116: PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
Page 117 and 118: PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
Page 119 and 120: PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
Page 121: PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
Page 125 and 126: PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 131 and 132: PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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Page 135 and 136: PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
Page 137 and 138: PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
Page 139 and 140: PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
Page 141 and 142: PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
Page 143 and 144: PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
Page 145 and 146: PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
Page 147 and 148: PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
Page 149 and 150: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
Page 151 and 152: PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
Page 153 and 154: PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
Page 155 and 156: PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
Page 157 and 158: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
Page 159 and 160: PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
Page 161 and 162: PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
Page 163 and 164: PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
Page 165 and 166: PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
Page 167 and 168: PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
Page 169 and 170: PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
Page 171 and 172: PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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