Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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3.9 Composition 68 3.9.1 Overall composition of PM2.5 68 3.9.2 Individual constituents of PM2.5 69 3.9.3 Seasonal pattern of nitrate and sulphate 70 3.9.4 Trends in nitrate, sulphate, ammonium, black smoke and black carbon 71 3.10 Summary and recommendations 77 3.10.1 Key points from measurements 77 3.10.2 Recommendations 78 Chapter 4: PM2.5 emissions and receptor modelling 79 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Emissions and sources of primary PM2.5 79 4.2.1 Quantifying the emissions of all primary PM2.5 components and their spatial distribution 79 4.2.2 Inventory uncertainties and gaps 88 4.3 Quantifying the emissions of PM2.5 precursor gases, their conversion to particles and their spatial distribution 92 4.3.1 Primary versus secondary PM 97 4.4 A critical assessment of emission inventories for modelling of PM2.5 concentrations 98 4.5 Receptor modelling to estimate the source apportionment of PM2.5 101 4.5.1 Markers of primary sources 102 4.5.2 Quantifying the secondary inorganic contribution 104 4.5.3 Estimation of the secondary organic aerosol contribution 104 4.5.4 Aerosol dynamics 105 4.6 Receptor modelling sources of PM2.5 in the UK 107 4.6.1 Receptor modelling of particulate matter in the UK 108 4.6.2 Comparison of receptor modelling results with output from the PCM model 113 4.6.3 Use of carbon-14 as a tracer of contemporary carbon 116 4.7 Summary 119 Chapter 5: Modelling PM2.5 and the future 123 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 What is modelling? What can models do? 123 5.3 What do models predict across the UK? 126 5.3.1 PM2.5 modelling for public information and forecasts 129 5.3.2 Transects in PM2.5 across London 130 VII
VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and source attribution 131 5.4.1 Modelled primary concentrations 132 5.4.2 Secondary inorganic aerosol 133 5.4.3 Semi-volatile components 138 5.4.4 Other components 139 5.5 Model evaluation for PM2.5 139 5.6 Prediction of future trends 141 5.7 Conclusions and recommendations 143 Annex 2: PM modelling in the UK 146 A2.1 Applications of CMAQ to PM-related projects at AEA 146 A2.2 WRF/CMAQ applications at the Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR), University of Hertfordshire 150 A2.3 WRF/CMAQ applications at King’s College London 152 A2.4 Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) 159 A2.5 EMEP4UK 161 A2.6 Photochemical Trajectory Model (PTM) 164 A2.7 FRAME 166 A2.8 PCM PM model 168 A2.9 Brutal and UKIAM 170 A2.10 ADMS-Urban 171 Chapter 6: Conclusions and future directions 175 6.1 PM2.5 report summary of actions 178 References 181
Page 1 and 2: AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
Page 3 and 4: This is a report from the Air Quali
Page 5 and 6: II Membership Chair Professor Paul
Page 7 and 8: IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
Page 9: VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
Page 13 and 14: PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
Page 15 and 16: PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
Page 17 and 18: PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
Page 19 and 20: PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
Page 21 and 22: PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
Page 23 and 24: PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
Page 25 and 26: PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
Page 27 and 28: PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
Page 29 and 30: PM2.5 in the UK 18
Page 31 and 32: PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
Page 33 and 34: PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
Page 35 and 36: PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
Page 37 and 38: PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40: PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
Page 41 and 42: PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
Page 55 and 56: PM2.5 in the UK 44
Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
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PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
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PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
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PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
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PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
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PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
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PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
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PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
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PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
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PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
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PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
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PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
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PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
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PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
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PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
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PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
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PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
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PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
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PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
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PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
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PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
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PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
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PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 122
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
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PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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