Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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Putaud J.-P., Van Dingenen R., Alastuey A., Bauer H., Birmili W., Cyrys J., Flentje H., Fuzzi S., Gehrig R., Hansson H.C., Harrison R.M., Herrmann H., Hitzenberger R., Huglin C., Jones A.M., Kasper-Giebl A., Kiss G., Kousa A., Kuhlbusch T.A.J., Loschau G., Maenhaut W., Molnar A., Moreno T., Pekkanen J., Perrino C., Pitz M., Puxbaum H., Querol X., Rodriguez S., Salma I., Schwarz J., Smolik J., Schneider J., Spindler G., ten Brink H., Tursic, J., Viana M., Wiedensohler A. and Raes F. (2010). A European aerosol phenomenology – 3: Physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe. Atmos. Environ., 44, 1308-1320. Robinson A.L., Donahue N.M., Manish K., Shrivastava M.K., Weitkamp E.A., Sage A.M., Grieshop A.P., Lane T.E., Pierce J.R. and Pandis S.N. (2007). Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging. Science, 315, 1259-1262. References Sandradewi J., Prevot A.S.H., Szidat S., Perron N., Rami Alfarra M., Lanz V.A., Weingartner E. and Baltensperger U. (2008). Using aerosol light absorption measurements for the quantitative determination of wood burning and traffic emission contributions to particulate matter. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3318-3323. SNIFFER (2010). PM2.5 in the UK. Report for Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research, Project ER12, December 2010. http://www.sniffer.org.uk/ Webcontrol/Secure/ClientSpecific/ResourceManagement/UploadedFiles/PM25%20Report%20 Final%20(20Dec10).pdf Szidat S., Jenk T.M., Synal H.A. Kalberer M., Wacker L., Hajdas I., Kasper-Gieb A. and Baltensperger U. (2006). Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass-burning, and biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in Zurich as traced by C. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D07206, doi:10.1029/2005JD006590. Szidat S., Ruff M., Perron N., Wacker L., Synal H.A., Hallquist H.A., Shannigrahi M., Yttri K.E., Dye, C. and Simpson D. (2009). Fossil and non-fossil sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in Goteborg, Sweden. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1521-1535. Utembe S.R., Jenkin M.E., Derwent R.G., Lewis A.C., Hopkins J.R. and Hamilton J.F. (2005). Modelling the ambient distribution of organic compounds during the August 2003 ozone episode in the southern UK. Faraday Discuss., 130, 311-326. Viana M., Kuhlbusch T.A.J., Querol X., Alastuey A., Harrison R.M., Hopke P.K., Winiwarter W., Vallius M., Szidat S., Prévôt A., Hueglin C., Bloemen H., Wåhlin P., Vecchi R., Miranda A.I., Kasper-Giebl A., Maenhaut W. and Hitzenberger R. (2008). Source apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: A review of methods and results. J. Aerosol Sci., 39, 827-849. Yin J. and Harrison R.M. (2008). Pragmatic mass closure study for PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 at roadside, urban background and rural sites. Atmos. Environ., 42, 980-988. Wagner A. (2010). 2010 Emission Projections – NECD Submission for UK. December 2010. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat07/1012161052_2010_NECD_Submission_Report.pdf Yin J., Harrison R.M., Chen Q., Rutter A. and Schauer J.J. (2010). Source apportionment of fine particles at urban background and rural sites in the UK atmosphere. Atmos. Environ., 44, 841-851. 187
PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling and Annex 2: PM Modeling in the UK Andersson-Skold Y. and Simpson D. (1999). Comparison of the chemical schemes of the EMEP MSC-W and IVL photochemical trajectory models. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 1111- 1129. Andersson-Sköld Y. Simpson D. (2001). Secondary organic aerosol formation in Northern Europe: A model study. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 7357-7374. Appel K.W., Bhave P.V., Gilliland A.B., Sarwar G. and Roselle S.J. (2008). Evaluation of the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance; Part II – particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 6057-6066. AEA Energy and Environment, (2006). UK Emissions of Air Pollutants 1970 to 2004 http:// naei.defra.gsi.gov.uk/reports.php AQEG (2005). Particulate matter in the United Kingdom. Air Quality Expert Group, Defra, London, UK. Bergström R. and Simpson D. (2010). Organic aerosol modelling in EMEP: Recent Developments Transboundary Particulate Matter in Europe. The Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway. Carruthers, D.J., Edmunds, H.A., Mchvgh, C. A., and Singles, R. J., (1998); Development of ADMS Urban and Comperison with data for Urban areas in the UK; Air Pollution modelling and its application X11, 22, 467-475 Carslaw D. (2011). Defra deposition model evaluation analysis – Phase 1. Defra Air Quality Report Library: http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/ Carslaw D., Beevers S., Westmoreland, E., Williams M., Tate J., Murrells T., Stedman J., Li Y., Grice S., Kent A. and Tsagatakis I.(2011). Trends in NOx and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK. Defra report, July 2011. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/ cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_Final_report.pdf Chemel C., Sokhi R.S.,Yu Y., Hayman G.D., Vincent K.J., Dore A.J., Tang Y.S., Prain H.D. and Fisher B.E.A. (2010). Evaluation of a CMAQ simulation at high resolution over the UK for the calendar year 2003 Atmospheric Environment 44, 2927-2939. Derwent R.G., Fraser A., Abbott J., Jenkin M., Willis P. and Murrells T. (2009a). Evaluating the performance of air quality models. AEAT/ENV/R/2873, ED48749801. Harwell, Oxfordshire. Derwent R.G. Witham C., Redington A., Jenkin M., Stedman J., Yardley R. and Hayman G. (2009b). Particulate matter at a rural location in southern England during 2006: Model sensitivities to precursor emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 689-696. Doherty R.M., Heal M.R., Wilkinson P., Pattenden S., Vieno M., Armstrong B., Atkinson R., Chalabi Z., Kovats S., Milojevic A. and Stevenson D.S. (2009). Current and future climate- and air pollution-mediated impacts on human health. Environmental Health, 8, 10.1186/1476-069x-8-s1-s8. 188
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
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PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
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PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
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PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
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PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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PM2.5 in the UK 44
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PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
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PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
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PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
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PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
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PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
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PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
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PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
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PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
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PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
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PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
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PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
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PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
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PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
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PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
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PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
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PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
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PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
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PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
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PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
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PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
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PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
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PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
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PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
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PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 122
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
Page 147 and 148: PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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Page 153 and 154: PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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Page 159 and 160: PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
Page 161 and 162: PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
Page 163 and 164: PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
Page 165 and 166: PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
Page 167 and 168: PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
Page 169 and 170: PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
Page 171 and 172: PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
Page 173 and 174: PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
Page 175 and 176: PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
Page 177 and 178: PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
Page 179 and 180: PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
Page 181 and 182: PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
Page 183 and 184: PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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Page 187 and 188: PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
Page 189 and 190: PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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Page 193 and 194: PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
Page 195 and 196: PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
Page 197: PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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