Putaud J.-P., Van D<strong>in</strong>genen R., Alastuey A., Bauer H., Birmili W., Cyrys J., Flentje H., Fuzzi S., Gehrig R., Hansson H.C., Harrison R.M., Herrmann H., Hitzenberger R., Hugl<strong>in</strong> C., Jones A.M., Kasper-Giebl A., Kiss G., Kousa A., Kuhlbusch T.A.J., Loschau G., Maenhaut W., Molnar A., Moreno T., Pekkanen J., Perr<strong>in</strong>o C., Pitz M., Puxbaum H., Querol X., Rodriguez S., Salma I., Schwarz J., Smolik J., Schneider J., Sp<strong>in</strong>dler G., ten Br<strong>in</strong>k H., Tursic, J., Viana M., Wiedensohler A. and Raes F. (2010). A European aerosol phenomenology – 3: Physical and chemical characteristics of <strong>particulate</strong> <strong>matter</strong> from 60 rural, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe. Atmos. Environ., 44, 1308-1320. Rob<strong>in</strong>son A.L., Donahue N.M., Manish K., Shrivastava M.K., Weitkamp E.A., Sage A.M., Grieshop A.P., Lane T.E., Pierce J.R. and Pandis S.N. (2007). Reth<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical ag<strong>in</strong>g. Science, 315, 1259-1262. References Sandradewi J., Prevot A.S.H., Szidat S., Perron N., Rami Alfarra M., Lanz V.A., We<strong>in</strong>gartner E. and Baltensperger U. (2008). Us<strong>in</strong>g aerosol light absorption measurements for the quantitative determ<strong>in</strong>ation of wood burn<strong>in</strong>g and traffic emission contributions to <strong>particulate</strong> <strong>matter</strong>. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 3318-3323. SNIFFER (2010). <strong>PM2.5</strong> <strong>in</strong> the UK. Report for Scotland and Northern Ireland Forum for Environmental Research, Project ER12, December 2010. http://www.sniffer.org.uk/ Webcontrol/Secure/ClientSpecific/ResourceManagement/UploadedFiles/PM25%20Report%20 F<strong>in</strong>al%20(20Dec10).pdf Szidat S., Jenk T.M., Synal H.A. Kalberer M., Wacker L., Hajdas I., Kasper-Gieb A. and Baltensperger U. (2006). Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass-burn<strong>in</strong>g, and biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols <strong>in</strong> Zurich as traced by C. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D07206, doi:10.1029/2005JD006590. Szidat S., Ruff M., Perron N., Wacker L., Synal H.A., Hallquist H.A., Shannigrahi M., Yttri K.E., Dye, C. and Simpson D. (2009). Fossil and non-fossil sources of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) <strong>in</strong> Goteborg, Sweden. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 1521-1535. Utembe S.R., Jenk<strong>in</strong> M.E., Derwent R.G., Lewis A.C., Hopk<strong>in</strong>s J.R. and Hamilton J.F. (2005). Modell<strong>in</strong>g the ambient distribution of organic compounds dur<strong>in</strong>g the August 2003 ozone episode <strong>in</strong> the southern UK. Faraday Discuss., 130, 311-326. Viana M., Kuhlbusch T.A.J., Querol X., Alastuey A., Harrison R.M., Hopke P.K., W<strong>in</strong>iwarter W., Vallius M., Szidat S., Prévôt A., Huegl<strong>in</strong> C., Bloemen H., Wåhl<strong>in</strong> P., Vecchi R., Miranda A.I., Kasper-Giebl A., Maenhaut W. and Hitzenberger R. (2008). Source apportionment of <strong>particulate</strong> <strong>matter</strong> <strong>in</strong> Europe: A review of methods and results. J. Aerosol Sci., 39, 827-849. Y<strong>in</strong> J. and Harrison R.M. (2008). Pragmatic mass closure study for PM1.0, <strong>PM2.5</strong> and PM10 at roadside, urban background and rural sites. Atmos. Environ., 42, 980-988. Wagner A. (2010). 2010 Emission Projections – NECD Submission for UK. December 2010. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat07/1012161052_2010_NECD_Submission_Report.pdf Y<strong>in</strong> J., Harrison R.M., Chen Q., Rutter A. and Schauer J.J. (2010). Source apportionment of f<strong>in</strong>e particles at urban background and rural sites <strong>in</strong> the UK atmosphere. Atmos. Environ., 44, 841-851. 187
<strong>PM2.5</strong> <strong>in</strong> the UK Chapter 5 Modell<strong>in</strong>g and Annex 2: PM Model<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> the UK Andersson-Skold Y. and Simpson D. (1999). Comparison of the chemical schemes of the EMEP MSC-W and IVL photochemical trajectory models. Atmospheric Environment, 33, 1111- 1129. Andersson-Sköld Y. Simpson D. (2001). Secondary organic aerosol formation <strong>in</strong> Northern Europe: A model study. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 7357-7374. Appel K.W., Bhave P.V., Gilliland A.B., Sarwar G. and Roselle S.J. (2008). Evaluation of the community multiscale air <strong>quality</strong> (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impact<strong>in</strong>g model performance; Part II – <strong>particulate</strong> <strong>matter</strong>. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 6057-6066. AEA Energy and Environment, (2006). UK Emissions of <strong>Air</strong> Pollutants 1970 to 2004 http:// naei.defra.gsi.gov.uk/reports.php AQEG (2005). Particulate <strong>matter</strong> <strong>in</strong> the United K<strong>in</strong>gdom. <strong>Air</strong> Quality Expert Group, <strong>Defra</strong>, London, UK. Bergström R. and Simpson D. (2010). Organic aerosol modell<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> EMEP: Recent Developments Transboundary Particulate Matter <strong>in</strong> Europe. The Norwegian Institute for <strong>Air</strong> Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway. Carruthers, D.J., Edmunds, H.A., Mchvgh, C. A., and S<strong>in</strong>gles, R. J., (1998); Development of ADMS Urban and Comperison with data for Urban areas <strong>in</strong> the UK; <strong>Air</strong> Pollution modell<strong>in</strong>g and its application X11, 22, 467-475 Carslaw D. (2011). <strong>Defra</strong> deposition model evaluation analysis – Phase 1. <strong>Defra</strong> <strong>Air</strong> Quality Report Library: http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/ Carslaw D., Beevers S., Westmoreland, E., Williams M., Tate J., Murrells T., Stedman J., Li Y., Grice S., Kent A. and Tsagatakis I.(2011). Trends <strong>in</strong> NOx and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements <strong>in</strong> the UK. <strong>Defra</strong> report, July 2011. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/ cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_F<strong>in</strong>al_report.pdf Chemel C., Sokhi R.S.,Yu Y., Hayman G.D., V<strong>in</strong>cent K.J., Dore A.J., Tang Y.S., Pra<strong>in</strong> H.D. and Fisher B.E.A. (2010). Evaluation of a CMAQ simulation at high resolution over the UK for the calendar year 2003 Atmospheric Environment 44, 2927-2939. Derwent R.G., Fraser A., Abbott J., Jenk<strong>in</strong> M., Willis P. and Murrells T. (2009a). Evaluat<strong>in</strong>g the performance of air <strong>quality</strong> models. AEAT/ENV/R/2873, ED48749801. Harwell, Oxfordshire. Derwent R.G. Witham C., Red<strong>in</strong>gton A., Jenk<strong>in</strong> M., Stedman J., Yardley R. and Hayman G. (2009b). Particulate <strong>matter</strong> at a rural location <strong>in</strong> southern England dur<strong>in</strong>g 2006: Model sensitivities to precursor emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 689-696. Doherty R.M., Heal M.R., Wilk<strong>in</strong>son P., Pattenden S., Vieno M., Armstrong B., Atk<strong>in</strong>son R., Chalabi Z., Kovats S., Milojevic A. and Stevenson D.S. (2009). Current and future climate- and air pollution-mediated impacts on human health. Environmental Health, 8, 10.1186/1476-069x-8-s1-s8. 188
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
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PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
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PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
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