Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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Fuller G.W., Tremper A.H., Baker T.D., Yritt K.E., Butterfield D., Mudway I.S., Dove R. and Kelly F.J. (2011). Contribution of biomass burning to London’s PM10. European Aerosol Conference, Manchester, UK. Abstract 586. Grice S.E., Lingard J.N., Stedman J.R., Cooke S.L., Yap F.W., Kent A.J., Bush T.J., Vincent K.J. and Abbott J. (2010). UK air quality modelling for annual reporting 2008 on ambient air quality assessment under Council Directives 96/62/EC, 1999/30/EC and 2000/69/EC. A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Welsh Assembly Government, the Scottish Government and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland, under contract CPEA 15. Harrison R.M., Jones A.M. and Lawrence R.G. (2003). A pragmatic mass closure model for airborne particulate matter at urban background and roadside sites. Atmospheric Environment, 37, 4927-4933. Hayes E. and Chatterton T. (2009). An independent review of monitoring measures undertaken in Neath Port Talbot in respect of particulate matter (PM10). Report prepared for Welsh Assembly Government. Available at: wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/ airqualitypollution/airquality/southwaleszone/porttalbotpm10/;jsessionid=PMbsLKJTk4p1GBLX K1WhTDS64GWXcc6nQgycsBHB66zhxzqw1H2r!200562741?lang=en Jenkin M.E., Murrels T.P. and Passant N.R. (2000). The Temporal Dependence of Ozone Precursor Emissions: Estimation and Application. Report AEAT/R/ENV/0355 Issue 1. AEA, November 2000. References Jones A.M., and Harrison R.M. (2011). Temporal trends in sulphate concentrations at European sites and relationships to sulphur dioxide. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 873-882. Laxen D., Moorcroft S., Marner B., Laxen K., Boulter P., Barlow T., Harrison R. and Heal M. (2010). PM2.5 in the UK. Report for SNIFFER, Edinburgh. Available at: www.sniffer.org.uk/ Webcontrol/Secure/ClientSpecific/ResourceManagement/UploadedFiles/PM25%20Report%20 Final%20(20Dec10).pdf Lovblad G., Tarrason L., Torseth K. and Dutchak S. (2004). EMEP assessment Part I. European perspective. Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway. Putaud J.-P., Van Dingene R., Alastuey A., Bauer H., Birmili W., Cyrys J., Flentje H., Fuzzi S., Gehrig R., Hansson H.C., Harrison R.M., Herrmann H., Hitzenberger R., Hüglin C., Jones A.M., Kasper-Giebl A., Kiss G., Kousa A., Kuhlbusch T.A.J., Löschau G., Maenhaut W., Molnar A., Moreno T., Pekkanen J., Perrino C., Pitz M., Puxbaum H., Querol X., Rodriguez S., Salma I., Schwarz J., Smolik J., Schneider J., Spindler G., ten Brink H., Tursic J., Viana M., Wiedensohler A. and Raes F. (2010). A European aerosol phenomenology – 3: Physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter from 60 rural, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 44, 1308-1320. Quincey P., Butterfield D., Green D. and Fuller G.W. (2011). Black Smoke and Black Carbon: Further investigation of the relationship between these ambient air metrics. Atmospheric Environment, 45, 3528-3534. R Development Core Team (2011). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. http://www.R-project.org/ 183
PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Review of Transboundary Air Pollution. Acidification, Eutrophication, Ground- Level Ozone and Heavy Metals in the UK. http://www.rotap.ceh.ac.uk/ Seibert P., Kromp-Kolb H., Baltensperger U., Jost D.T., Schwikowski M., Kasper A. and Puxbaum H. (1994). Trajectory analysis of aerosol measurements at high alpine sites. In P.M. Borrell, P. Borrell, T. Cvitas, and W. Seiler (Eds.). EUROTRAC Transport and Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere (pp. 689-693). SPB Academic Publishing. Stevenson K., Kent A., Maggs R. and Harrison D. (2009). Measurement of PM10 and PM2.5 in Scotland with Gravimetric Samplers. Rept. AEAT/ENV/R/2702 Issue 1 AEA, Ayrshire. Stohl A. (1996). Trajectory statistics – A new method to establish source – receptor relationships of air pollutants and its application to the transport of particulate sulfate in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 30(4), 579-587. Yin J. and Harrison. R.M. (2008). Pragmatic mass closure study for PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 at roadside, urban background and rural sites. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 980-988. Chapter 4: Emissions Abbott. J. (2008). Modelling re-suspended heavy metal emissions. AEA report. AEAT/ ENV/R/2926 Issue 2. Allan J.D., Williams P.I., Morgan W.T., Martin C.L., Flynn M.J., Nemitz E., Phillips G.J., Gallagher M.W. and Coe H. (2010). Contributions from transport, solid fuel burning and cooking to primary organic aerosols in two UK cities. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 647-668. Amann M., Bertok I., Borken-Kleefeld J., Cofala J., Heyes C., Hoglund-Isaksson I., Klimont Z., Rafaj P., Schopp W. and Wagner F. (2011). Cost-effective emission reductions to improve air quality in Europe in 2020. IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria (March 2011). http://www.unece.org/ env/documents/2011/eb/wg5/WGSR48/Informal%20docs/Info.doc.8_CIAM_report_on_Cost_ effective_emission_reductions_to_improve_air_quality_in_Europe_in_2010.pdf AQEG (2005). Particulate matter in the United Kingdom. Air Quality Expert Group. Defra, London, UK. AQEG (2011). Road Transport Biofuels: Impact on UK Air Quality. Air Quality Expert Group Advice Note. Defra, London, UK. http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/files/pb13464-road- transport-biofuels-110228.pdf Boulter P.G., Barlow T.J. and McRae I.S. (2009). Emission Factors (2009), Report 3 – Exhaust Emission Factors for Road Vehicles in the UK. TRL Project Report PPR 356. http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/environment/emissions/report-3.pdf Bush T., Tsagatakis I., King K. and Passant N. (2008). NAEI Emission Mapping Methodology 2006. Report of the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, October 2008. http://uk-air. defra.gov.uk/reports/cat07/0812151643_NAEIMappingMethodReport2006.pdf 184
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
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PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
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PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
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PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
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PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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PM2.5 in the UK 44
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PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
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PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
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PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
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PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
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PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
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PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
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PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
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PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
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PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
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PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
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PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
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PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
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PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
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PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
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PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
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PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
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PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
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PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
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PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
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PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
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PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
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PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
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PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
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PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 122
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
Page 143 and 144: PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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Page 147 and 148: PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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Page 153 and 154: PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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Page 159 and 160: PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
Page 161 and 162: PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
Page 163 and 164: PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
Page 165 and 166: PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
Page 167 and 168: PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
Page 169 and 170: PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
Page 171 and 172: PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
Page 173 and 174: PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
Page 175 and 176: PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
Page 177 and 178: PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
Page 179 and 180: PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
Page 181 and 182: PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
Page 183 and 184: PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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Page 187 and 188: PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
Page 189 and 190: PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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Page 193: PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
Page 197 and 198: PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
Page 199 and 200: PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
Page 201 and 202: PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
Page 203: PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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