Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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8. A review of the European Commission’s Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution and the legislative framework for air pollution in Europe is currently underway, and may result in a revision of the NEC and Ambient Air Quality Directives. Table 1.1: Air quality standards for PM2.5 and PM10. UK Scotland EU Pollutant Time period Standard To be achieved by PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM2.5 PM10 annual mean three-year running annual mean 24-hour mean annual mean annual mean three-year running annual mean 24-hour mean annual mean annual mean annual mean annual mean three-year average exposure indicator (AEI) exposure concentration obligation (ECO) 24-hour mean annual mean Objective of 25 µg m -3 15% reduction in average urban background concentrations against a 2010 baseline Objective of 50 µg m -3 not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year Objective of 40 µg m -3 Objective of 12 µg m -3 15% reduction in average urban background concentrations against a 2010 baseline Objective of 50 µg m -3 not to be exceeded more than seven times a year Objective of 18 µg m -3 Target value of 25 µg m -3 Limit value of 25 µg m -3 Stage 2 indicative limit value of 20 µg m -3 See Table 1.2 20 µg m -3 at urban background stations (measured as a three-year average) Limit value of 50 µg m -3 not to be exceeded more than 35 times a year Limit value of 40 µg m -3 2020 2020 2005 2005 2020 2020 2005 2005 2010 2015 2020 2020 2015 2005 2005 Introduction 11
PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National exposure reduction targets for PM2.5. Exposure reduction target relative to the AEI (average exposure indicator) 1 in 2010 2 12 Initial concentration, µg m -3 Reduction target, % less than or equal to 8.5 0 2020 more than 8.5 but less than 13 10 13 to less than 18 15 18 to less than 22 20 22 or more All appropriate measures to achieve 18 µg m -3 Year by which the exposure reduction target shouldbe met 1 The AEI is derived from three-year average urban background measurements (i.e. 2009, 2010, 2011 for 2010) as defined in the EU Ambient Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC). 2 Where the AEI in the reference year is 8.5 µg m -3 or less, the exposure reduction target is zero. The reduction target is also zero in cases where the AEI reaches the level of 8.5 µg m -3 at any point of time during the period 2010 to 2020 and is maintained at or below that level. 1.3 Effects of PM2.5 and links to climate change 9. Airborne particulate matter has consequences for human health, the environment and climate change. An overview of the impacts is offered here to demonstrate the importance of reducing levels of PM2.5 and the linkages between different impact areas; further review of effects is beyond the scope of this current report. 1.3.1 Health effects of PM2.5 10. The Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) reports Long- Term Exposure to Air Pollution: Effect on Mortality (COMEAP, 2009) and The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom (COMEAP, 2010) provide an excellent synthesis of the current evidence on the impact of particulate matter on mortality. There is clear evidence that particulate matter has a significant contributory role in human all-cause mortality and in particular in cardiopulmonary mortality. 11. PM2.5 penetrates deeply into the human respiratory system. The acute effects of particle exposure include increases in hospital admissions and premature death of the old and sick due to diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The evidence is that both PM2.5 and PM10 cause additional hospital admissions and deaths on high pollution days. Less severe effects of short-term particle exposure also occur during pollution episodes, including worsening of asthma symptoms and even a general feeling of being unwell leading to a lower level of activity. 12. Long-term exposure to particles is associated with increased levels of fatal cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, which reveal themselves as increased rates of death in cities with higher concentrations of airborne particles. COMEAP (2009) expressed the view that the best estimate of the chronic health impacts of particulate matter exposure was a 6% increase in death rates per 10 µg m -3 PM2.5 concentration. As with the acute effects of particle exposure no wholly safe level has been identified.
Page 1 and 2: AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
Page 3 and 4: This is a report from the Air Quali
Page 5 and 6: II Membership Chair Professor Paul
Page 7 and 8: IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
Page 9 and 10: VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
Page 11 and 12: VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
Page 13 and 14: PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
Page 15 and 16: PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
Page 17 and 18: PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
Page 19 and 20: PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
Page 21: PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
Page 25 and 26: PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
Page 27 and 28: PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
Page 29 and 30: PM2.5 in the UK 18
Page 31 and 32: PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
Page 33 and 34: PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
Page 35 and 36: PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
Page 37 and 38: PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40: PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
Page 41 and 42: PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
Page 55 and 56: PM2.5 in the UK 44
Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
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PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
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PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
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PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
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PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
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PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
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PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
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PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
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PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
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PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
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PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
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PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
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PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
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PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
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PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
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PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
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PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
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PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 122
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
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PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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