Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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humidity changes or the slow accumulation of water or other material, such as semi-volatile organic matter or reactive gases, unrelated to the pumped sampling, and this will be interpreted as changes to the PM mass. There is no ideal filter material, and the mass change can vary between different batches of the same filter material. EN 14907 allows filters made from quartz fibres, glass fibres, PTFE-coated glass fibre and PTFE membrane to be used. 2.2.2 Equivalent methods Measuring PM2.5 and its components 17. The reference methods for PM2.5 are not capable of producing real-time data, and neither the low volume or high volume version has been used to produce the data used in this report. The EU allows the use of equivalent methods for regulatory purposes, where equivalence is defined within the Guide to the Demonstration of Equivalence (2010). This sets out a procedure for quantifying the agreement between reference and non-reference methods over a series of parallel field measurements. The objective is that equivalent instruments should produce daily data with a measurement uncertainty less than that required in the Ambient Air Quality Directive (±25% with a 95% level of confidence) at concentrations close to the limit value. Given the nature of the definition of PM2.5, these equivalent methods will in general have the same limitations as the reference method (which they must agree with), together with further limitations specific to the equivalent methods. 18. A major exercise within the UK in 2006 (Harrison et al., 2006) found that the automatic instruments Filter Dynamic Measurement System (FDMS) (made by Thermo) and Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM) (made by Met-One) could be used as equivalent instruments for PM2.5 measurement. Virtually all of the automatic data within this report are from FDMS instruments (described in Section 2.3.2). 19. Other PM2.5 data are presented from non-reference manual gravimetric samplers known as Partisols. These have a lower sampling flow than the low volume reference method, at 1 m 3 hr -1 , but the same sized 47 mm diameter filters. These have not been shown to be equivalent for PM2.5 data, although they have for PM10. 2.2.3 Current developments relating to the reference method 20. In view of the regulatory requirements and the experience gained with PM measurement issues in recent years, CEN is currently producing two new standards. The first is a revised version of the standard methods for both PM2.5 and PM10, so that EN 14907 and EN 12341 will be combined. The aim of this is to reduce the scope for variations in results allowed within the methods, without causing any significant discontinuity with earlier results. The second is a new standard covering automatic methods. In effect this will bring the procedures in the Guide to the Demonstration of Equivalence (2010) into a formal standard, and also set out requirements for ongoing quality assurance and quality control, bringing PM CEN standards more in line with those for gaseous pollutants. 23
PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used to produce the PM2.5 data in this report 21. Most of the PM2.5 data used in this report were produced by the Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN), the UK’s national compliance monitoring network which has extensive quality assurance and quality control checks to comply with European reporting requirements. The network and methods used are described in the following sections. 2.3.1 Current PM2.5 monitoring sites in the Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) 22. Table A1.1 in Annex 1 provides a summary of PM2.5 monitoring sites in the UK AURN in 2010. All but one of these sites uses either Filter Dynamic Measurement System (FDMS) or Partisol instruments, described in more detail below. The sites are shown on a map of the United Kingdom in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2: PM2.5 monitoring sites in the Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN).
Page 1 and 2: AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
Page 3 and 4: This is a report from the Air Quali
Page 5 and 6: II Membership Chair Professor Paul
Page 7 and 8: IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
Page 9 and 10: VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
Page 11 and 12: VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
Page 13 and 14: PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
Page 15 and 16: PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
Page 17 and 18: PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
Page 19 and 20: PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
Page 21 and 22: PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
Page 23 and 24: PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
Page 25 and 26: PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
Page 27 and 28: PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
Page 29 and 30: PM2.5 in the UK 18
Page 31 and 32: PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
Page 33: PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
Page 37 and 38: PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40: PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
Page 41 and 42: PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
Page 55 and 56: PM2.5 in the UK 44
Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
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PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
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PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
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PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
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PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
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PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
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PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
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PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
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PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
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PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
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PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
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PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 122
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
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PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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