Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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2.5.4 What about measurements of chemical components of PM2.5? 81. Measurements of specific components of PM2.5 used within this report can have lower uncertainties than the mass concentration itself, especially if they are non-volatile, as they are independent of water content. However, specific instruments such as the MARGA at Auchencorth Moss have had ongoing operational problems making the data less reliable. Moreover, care must be taken when comparing method-dependent quantities such as black carbon, elemental carbon and organic carbon. In some cases, specific components of PM10 have been used in this report where PM2.5 data are not available, and the inclusion of the coarse size fraction needs to be taken into consideration. 2.6 Recommendations Measuring PM2.5 and its components 82. Measurements of PM2.5 in the UK depend heavily on the FDMS instrument, which has a relatively short track record in monitoring networks. AQEG recommends that issues including long-term reliability, dryer performance and the handling of semi-volatile components are further investigated with the aim of better understanding the measurement results and of improving data capture and measurement uncertainty. 83. At present the measurement of PM2.5 remains a challenge, with current measurements falling below the requirements of the Air Quality Directive. AQEG recommends a focused working group is assembled to address the achievement of Directive requirements using current methods. 41
PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 – PM2.5 monitoring sites in the UK Table A1.1: PM2.5 monitoring sites in the UK Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN) 2010. Site name Site type Start date Instrument type Aberdeen Urban background 28/05/2009 FDMS Acocks Green Urban background 18/03/2011 FDMS Auchencorth Moss Rural background 01/01/2006 FDMS Auchencorth Moss Rural background 2006 Partisol Belfast Centre Urban background 07/11/2008 FDMS Birmingham Tyburn Urban background 23/01/2009 FDMS Birmingham Tyburn Roadside Urban traffic 12/02/2009 FDMS Blackpool Marton Urban background 28/01/2009 FDMS Bournemouth Urban background 01/01/2009 Partisol Brighton Preston Park Urban background 30/05/2008 Partisol Bristol St Pauls Urban background 08/10/2008 FDMS Bury Roadside Urban traffic 07/05/2009 FDMS Camden Kerbside Urban traffic 19/02/2009 FDMS Cardiff Centre Urban background 09/10/2008 FDMS Carlisle Roadside Urban traffic 17/03/2009 FDMS Chatham Roadside Urban traffic 02/07/2010 FDMS Chepstow A48 Urban traffic 09/02/2010 FDMS Chesterfield Urban background 02/02/2009 FDMS Chesterfield Roadside Urban traffic 01/07/2009 FDMS Coventry Memorial Park Urban background 15/01/2009 FDMS Derry Urban background 21/02/2008 FDMS Eastbourne Urban background 01/07/2009 FDMS Edinburgh St Leonards Urban background 12/11/2008 FDMS Glasgow Centre Urban background 06/02/2009 FDMS Glasgow Kerbside Urban traffic 29/05/2009 FDMS Grangemouth Urban industrial 15/01/2009 FDMS Haringey Roadside Urban traffic 18/02/2009 FDMS Harwell Rural background 14/08/2009 FDMS Harwell Rural background 07/09/2000 Partisol Hull Freetown Urban background 06/10/2008 FDMS Inverness Roadside Urban traffic 06/12/2006 Partisol Leamington Spa Urban background 02/02/2009 FDMS Leeds Centre Urban background 16/01/2009 FDMS Leeds Headingley Urban traffic 02/04/2009 FDMS Leicester Centre Urban background 08/10/2008 FDMS Liverpool Speke Urban background 13/11/2008 FDMS 42
Page 1 and 2: AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
Page 3 and 4: This is a report from the Air Quali
Page 5 and 6: II Membership Chair Professor Paul
Page 7 and 8: IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
Page 9 and 10: VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
Page 11 and 12: VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
Page 13 and 14: PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
Page 15 and 16: PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
Page 17 and 18: PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
Page 19 and 20: PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
Page 21 and 22: PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
Page 23 and 24: PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
Page 25 and 26: PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
Page 27 and 28: PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
Page 29 and 30: PM2.5 in the UK 18
Page 31 and 32: PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
Page 33 and 34: PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
Page 35 and 36: PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
Page 37 and 38: PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40: PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
Page 41 and 42: PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 55 and 56: PM2.5 in the UK 44
Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 85 and 86: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 87 and 88: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
Page 97 and 98: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
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PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
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PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
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PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
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PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
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PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 122
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
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PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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