Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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3.10 Summary and recommendations 3.10.1 Key points from measurements Concentrations and composition of PM2.5 (a) There are limited measurements of the composition of PM2.5 in different types of location and in different areas of the UK. This restricts the ability to understand sources of PM2.5. (b) Until recent years there have been few measurements of PM2.5 concentrations using reference equivalent instruments. Data are now becoming available for a comprehensive network across the UK which should help understanding of PM2.5. (c) Regional (rural) background concentrations are particularly important, even in urban areas. In urban areas in central and southern UK at least 60-80% of the urban background PM2.5 will on average be derived from the regional background. (d) The regional background concentrations are dominated by secondary PM2.5, primarily as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate, but also as organic particles. In central and southern UK around 60% of the urban background PM2.5 will be secondary particles. (e) High PM2.5 concentrations are frequently associated with air transported into the UK from continental Europe. (f) Wintertime PM2.5 concentrations are much higher and will make the greatest contribution to the annual mean. It may thus be more effective to target measures to those sources contributing to the elevated wintertime concentrations. (g) Winter episodes can give rise to high PM2.5 concentrations over a few days. These are due to a build-up of local emissions under stagnant weather conditions and are especially prominent in areas with continued domestic solid and liquid fuel burning. (h) There is evidence that PM10 episodes associated with air arriving from continental Europe, especially during the spring, are composed of fine particles (PM2.5) and not coarse particles (PM2.5-10), with nitrate playing a particularly important role. This nitrate appears to be largely associated with ammonium, derived from ammonia emissions. (i) Black carbon is a major component of the PM2.5 associated with road traffic emissions and domestic (oil and solid fuel) combustion. (j) Primary emissions from road traffic, including the non-exhaust component, make a significant contribution to the urban background increment of PM2.5. They also contribute to regional secondary PM through the oxidation of emissions of nitrogen oxides. 77
PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic can make substantial contributions to PM2.5 concentrations at the kerbside (within 1 m of the kerb), but at the roadside (a few metres from the kerb) the contributions are relatively limited. (l) There is evidence to suggest that domestic and commercial sources make a contribution to concentrations during the evening period, which may be due to solid fuel combustion and to particles released during cooking, but this needs further investigation. (m) Sulphate particles are still important despite the large reductions in sulphur dioxide emissions. (n) Based on the limited evidence available, primary particles from industrial sources do not appear to make a major contribution to urban background concentrations. 3.10.2 Recommendations (a) AQEG recommends that resources should be made available to ensure that the results from the comprehensive monitoring network now in place are fully analysed, to extract as much understanding as possible about the sources contributing to PM2.5 in different parts of the UK. (b) AQEG recommends that measurement of iron (Fe) should be included as part of the chemical composition monitoring programme to improve source apportionment, since Fe is a marker for non-exhaust vehicle emissions. (c) AQEG recommends that the MARGA instruments currently used for the chemical composition monitoring programme are reviewed to ensure they meet Directive requirements. (d) AQEG recommends that additional chemical composition measurements are made in a variety of locations, principally rural, urban background and roadside, over different parts of the UK, to allow source apportionment to be carried out. (e) AQEG recommends the expansion of the rural PM2.5 monitoring network to allow the rural background to be properly defined. This should be given urgent consideration. (f) AQEG recommends that further work is carried out to characterise the organic component of particles, in particular to improve understanding of secondary organic particles.
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
Page 37 and 38: PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40: PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
Page 41 and 42: PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
Page 55 and 56: PM2.5 in the UK 44
Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 85 and 86: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 87: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
Page 97 and 98: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103 and 104: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 105 and 106: PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
Page 107 and 108: PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
Page 111 and 112: PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
Page 113 and 114: PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
Page 115 and 116: PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
Page 117 and 118: PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
Page 119 and 120: PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
Page 121 and 122: PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
Page 123 and 124: PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
Page 125 and 126: PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 131 and 132: PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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Page 135 and 136: PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
Page 137 and 138: PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
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PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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