Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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50. The non-linear relationship found between the concentrations of sulphate and SO2 in the Eskdalemuir time series has been seen at other long-running EMEP stations in the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden (Lovblad et al., 2004). In part, it reflects the different trends in SO2 emissions at height and those near to the ground. If emission reductions have been faster for ground-level sources compared with emissions at height, then there would be a faster decrease in SO2 concentrations compared with sulphate. Equally well, the increasing ratio of sulphate to total airborne sulphur may reflect a long-term increase in the oxidising capacity of the European atmosphere. Because of the different atmospheric lifetimes, PM sulphate responds to changes in behaviour over a significantly wider area than SO2. 51. More recently, Jones and Harrison (2011) have surveyed trends in sulphate over the 2001-2008 period at a number of locations across Europe, including the UK. Trends in PM sulphate over this recent period were found to be small, in agreement with the view reported in RoTAP (2012) that there were no clear trends. Values of 12-month running mean sulphate varied from year to year because of some high values in monthly concentrations which occurred in some recent years but not in others. The values of apparent trends are thus heavily influenced by the choice of time period. Nevertheless, over the entire 1977-2008 time period, sulphate at Eskdalemuir has shown a trend of 3.6% per year, which is significantly smaller than the trend in SO2 emissions. Jones and Harrison (2011) estimated that substantial further reductions in SO2 emissions of around 50% would be required to achieve an appreciable reduction of about -1 µg m -3 in sulphate and hence in PM2.5 or PM10 for south-east England. These emission reductions would need to apply to all sources contributing to sulphate concentrations in the UK, which in practice would include sources throughout Western Europe. 52. The pattern of sulphate concentrations measured across the 12 long-term rural sites in the AGANet programme between September 1999 and December 2009 is shown in Figure 3.20. Concentrations increase from 2000 to 2003, then decrease to 2009, leading to a small overall decrease over this tenyear period (Mann–Kendall trend analysis at 95% confidence level shows an overall downward trend of -0.07 µg m -3 yr -1 ). As with nitrate, the highest concentrations are in March and April, but the higher concentrations extend through the summer months of May to August (Figure 3.21). Ammonium Concentrations and composition of PM2.5 53. Ammonium measurements at Eskdalemuir from 1990-2001 show a -20% to -30% decline, which is similar to that shown by nitrate (Lovblad et al., 2004). This decrease is significantly greater than that reported for UK NH3 emissions over the same period. This can be explained by the complex interaction of SO2 and NOx with NH3, whereby ammonium levels are controlled more strongly by the availability of strong acids such as sulphuric (H2SO4), nitric (HNO3) and hydrochloric (HCl) acids, than by the availability of NH3 which is assumed to be in excess. The conclusion is that, in the long term, ammonium behaviour has been such as to create an aerosol which has retained a rather constant neutrality despite year-on-year variations and long-term trends in NH3 emissions. 73
PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium measurements switched to the Delta denuder method with nitrate in 2001. Again, no information on ammonium trends from the Delta network was presented in RoTAP (2012) reflecting the large annual variability and the lack of any strong trends. Black smoke and black carbon 55. PM2.5 black carbon measurements are currently taken at 21 sites across the UK. The UK Black Carbon Network is based on aethalometer measurements and provides hourly mean data. It was established in late 2008 and replaces the black smoke monitoring that was previously carried out (the UK Black Smoke Network). The annual mean concentrations in 2009 and 2010 are set out in Table 3.2. They are mostly in the range 1-3 µg m -3 , with the exception of the Marylebone Road kerbside site in London, which has much higher concentrations (9-10 µg m -3 ). Traffic emissions clearly make a significant contribution to black carbon concentrations. Table 3.2: Black carbon annual average concentrations 2009 and 2010. Site Mean concentration µg m -3 2009 2010 Bath 6 2.5 2.2 Belfast Centre 2.1 1.9 Birmingham Tyburn 2.0 1.5 Cardiff 12 1.6 1.5 Dudley Central 1.7 1.9 Dunmurry 3 1.3 1.7 Edinburgh St Leonards 1.3 1.2 Folkestone 1.0 0.8 Glasgow Centre 2.9 2.7 Halifax 17 1.5 1.3 Harwell a – 0.5 London Marylebone Road 10.0 8.8 London North Kensington 1.9 1.5 Manchester Piccadilly 2.1 2.0 Norwich Lakenfields b – 1.0 Nottingham Centre 1.9 1.8 South Kirkby 1 2.2 2.0 Stoke Centre 2.0 2.1 Strabane 2 1.6 2.0 Sunderland 8 1.1 0.9 Woolwich 9 1.1 0.9 a Installed September 2009. b Installed October 2009.
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
Page 33 and 34: PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
Page 35 and 36: PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
Page 37 and 38: PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40: PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
Page 41 and 42: PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 87 and 88: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
Page 97 and 98: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103 and 104: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 105 and 106: PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
Page 107 and 108: PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
Page 111 and 112: PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
Page 113 and 114: PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
Page 115 and 116: PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
Page 117 and 118: PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
Page 119 and 120: PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
Page 121 and 122: PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
Page 123 and 124: PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
Page 125 and 126: PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 131 and 132: PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
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PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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