Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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Bush T., Tsagatakis I., Passant N., Griffin A. and Pearson B. (2010). UK Emission Mapping Methodology 2007. Report for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Department for Energy and Climate Change, Welsh Assembly Government, the Scottish Executive and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland. September 2010. Carslaw D. (2011). Defra deposition model evaluation analysis – Phase 1. Defra Air Quality Report Library: http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/ Castro L.M., Pio C.A., Harrison R.M. and Smith D.J.T. (1999). Carbonaceous aerosol in urban and rural European atmospheres: Estimation of secondary organic carbon concentrations. Atmos. Environ., 33, 2771-2781. Clarke A.G., Willison M.J. and Zeki E.M. (1984). A comparison of urban and rural aerosol composition using dichotomous samplers. Atmos. Environ., 18, 1767-1775. Dachs J. and Eisenreich S.J. (2000). Adsorption onto aerosol soot carbon dominates gas- particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 3690-3697. Defra (2010). Evaluating the Performance of Air Quality Models. June 2010. http://uk-air. defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/1006241607_100608_MIP_Final_Version.pdf Donahue N.M., Robinson A.L., Staanier C.O. and Pandis. S.N. (2006). Coupled partitioning, dilution and chemical aging of semivolatile organics. Environmental Science and Technology. 40, 2635-2643. EMEP (2009). EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook-2009. http://www.eea. europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-emission-inventory-guidebook-2009 Entec (2010). UK Ship Emissions Inventory. Final Report to Defra, November 2010. http://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat15/1012131459_21897_Final_Report_291110.pdf Fountoukis C. and Nenes A. (2007). SORROPIA II: A computationally efficient thermodynamic equilibrium model for K + –Ca 2+ –Mg 2+ –NH4 + –Na + –SO4 2- –NO3 - –Cl - –H2O aerosols. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4639-4659. Grice S.E., Lingard J.N., Stedman J.R., Cooke S.L., Yap F.W., Kent A.J., Bush T.J., Vincent K.J. and Abbott J. (2010). UK air quality modelling for annual reporting 2008 on ambient air quality assessment under Council Directives 96/62/EC, 1999/30/EC and 2000/69/EC. A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Welsh Assembly Government, the Scottish Government and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland, under contract CPEA 15. Harrison R.M., Jones A.M. and Lawrence R.G. (2003). A pragmatic mass closure model for airborne particulate matter at urban background and roadside sites. Atmos. Environ., 37, 4927-4933. Harrison R.M., Jones A.M. and Lawrence R.G. (2004). Major component composition of PM10 and PM2.5 from roadside and urban background sites. Atmos. Environ., 38, 4531-4538. Harrison R.M. and Yin J. (2008). Sources and processes affecting carbonaceous aerosol in central England. Atmos. Environ., 42, 1413-1423. References 185
PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Yin J. (2010). Chemical speciation of PM2.5 particles at urban background and rural sites in the UK atmosphere. J. Environ. Monit., 12, 1404-1414. Heal M., Naysmith P., Cook. G., Xu S., Raventos D.T. and Harrison R.M. (2011). Application of 14 C analyses to source apportionment of carbonaceous particulate matter in the UK. Atmos. Environ., 45, 2341-2348. Jones A.M. and Harrison R.M. (2011). Temporal trends in sulphate concentrations at European sites and relationships to sulphur dioxide. Atmos. Environ., 45, 873-882. Marner B.B. and Harrison R.M. (2004). A spatially refined, monitoring based study of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to a nitrate vulnerable zone. Atmos. Environ., 38, 5045-5056. Mooibroek D., Schapp. M., Weijers E.P. and Hoogerbrugge R. (2011). Source apportionment and spatial variability of PM2.5 using measurements at five sites in the Netherlands. Atmos. Environ., 45, 4180-4191. Odum J.R., Hoffmann T., Bowman F.A., Collins D., Flagan R.C. and Seinfeld J.H. (1996). Gas/particle partitioning and secondary organic aerosol yields. Environmental Science and Technology. 20, 2580. Pandis S.N., Harley R.A., Cass. G.R. and Seinfeld J.H. (1992). Secondary organic aerosol formation and transport. Atmospheric Environment, 26, 2266-2282. Pankow J.F. (1994). An absorption model of gas/phase partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment, 28, 185. Passant N.R. (2003). Estimation of Uncertainties in the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory. A paper produced for the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the National Assembly of Wales, the Scottish Executive and the Department of Environment in Northern Ireland. AEA Report AEAT/ENV/R/1039. January http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/ reports/cat07/AEAT1039_finaldraft_v2.pdf Passant N.R., Wagner A., Murrells T.P., Li Y., Okamura S., Thistlethwaite G., Walker H.L., Walker C., Whiting R., Sneddon S., Stewart R.A., Broph N.C., MacCarthy J., Tsagatakis I. and Bush T. (2011). UK Informative Inventory Report (1980 to 2009). http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/ reports/cat07/1103150849_UK_2011_CLRTAP_IIR.pdf Pio C.A. and Harrison R.M. (1987). Vapour pressure of ammonium chloride aerosol: Effect of temperature and humidity. Atmos. Environ., 21, 2711-2715. Pio C., Cerqueira M., Harrison R., Nunes T., Mirante F., Alves C., Oliveira C., Sanchez de la Campa A., Artiñano B. and Matos M. (2011). OC/EC Ratio Observations in Europe: Rethinking the Approach for Apportionment between Primary and Secondary Organic Carbon. Atmos. Environ., 45, 6121-6132. 186
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
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PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
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PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
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PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
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PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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PM2.5 in the UK 44
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PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
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PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
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PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
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PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
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PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
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PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
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PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
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PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
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PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
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PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
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PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
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PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
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PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
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PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
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PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
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PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
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PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
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PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
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PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
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PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
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PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
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PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
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PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
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PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 122
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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Page 153 and 154: PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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Page 159 and 160: PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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Page 165 and 166: PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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Page 169 and 170: PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
Page 171 and 172: PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
Page 173 and 174: PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
Page 175 and 176: PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
Page 177 and 178: PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
Page 179 and 180: PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
Page 181 and 182: PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
Page 183 and 184: PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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Page 187 and 188: PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
Page 189 and 190: PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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Page 193 and 194: PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
Page 195: PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
Page 199 and 200: PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
Page 201 and 202: PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
Page 203: PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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