Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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PM2.5 emissions and receptor modelling 46. Emissions of precursor emissions from sources in Europe make an important contribution to secondary inorganic and organic components of PM2.5 in the UK. Table 4.3 shows the emissions of NOx, SO2, NMVOCs and NH3 from the EU-27 countries between 2005 and 2020. These are taken from the baseline emissions scenario from IIASA’s GAINS model used for the Negotiations on the Revision of the Gothenburg Protocol under CLRTAP (Amann et al, 2011). Table 4.3: EU-27 emissions of PM2.5 precursor gases: NOx, SO2, NMVOCs and NH3. ktonnes 2005 2010 2015 2020 % decrease from 2010 to 2020 SO2 8055 3911 3090 2735 30% NOx 11158 8524 7175 5553 35% NH3 3855 3753 3709 3667 2% NMVOCs 9161 7379 6492 5989 19% 47. According to the figures in Table 4.3, the changes in EU-27 precursor emissions between 2005 and 2010 are similar to those for the UK. The predicted changes in emissions between 2010 and 2020 for EU-27 shown in Table 4.3 are also similar to those predicted for the UK (Figure 4.6) for NOx, SO2 and NH3, although rather larger reductions are predicted for NMVOC emissions in EU-27 than in the UK. 48. Shipping activities around European waters also make a significant contribution to PM precursor emissions, especially to NOx and SO2. Table 4.4 shows total emissions from shipping in the North Sea and North-East Atlantic sea territories; these figures are also provided by IIASA and used in the UKIAM (see Chapter 5). The figures illustrate how NOx and NMVOC emissions from shipping are predicted to grow as emissions from other sources decline. Emissions of SO2 are expected to fall slightly, due mainly to the reduction in the sulphur content of marine fuels. Considering only the North Sea region, which is designated a Sulphur Emissions Control Area (SECA), the reductions in SO2 emissions are expected to be much greater, i.e. around 88% between 2010 and 2020. Without further abatement, emissions from shipping will become a dominant source of PM2.5 precursor emissions in Europe. Table 4.4: Emissions of PM2.5 precursor gases from shipping in European waters: NOx, SO2 and NMVOCs. ktonnes 2005 2010 2015 2020 % decrease from 2010 to 2020 SO2 1060 1060 735 832 3% NOx 1510 1510 1792 1929 -16% NMVOCs 57 57 83 101 -47% 95
PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spatial distribution of PM2.5 precursor gases (NOx, SO2, NH3 and NMVOCs) in 2008.
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
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PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
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PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
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PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
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PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 85 and 86: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 87 and 88: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
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Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103 and 104: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 105: PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
Page 111 and 112: PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
Page 113 and 114: PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
Page 115 and 116: PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
Page 117 and 118: PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
Page 119 and 120: PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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Page 123 and 124: PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
Page 125 and 126: PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 131 and 132: PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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Page 135 and 136: PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
Page 137 and 138: PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
Page 139 and 140: PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
Page 141 and 142: PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
Page 143 and 144: PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
Page 145 and 146: PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
Page 147 and 148: PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
Page 149 and 150: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
Page 151 and 152: PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
Page 153 and 154: PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
Page 155 and 156: PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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