Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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Modelled NO3 surface concentration (µg m -3) 4 3 2 1 0 0 y = 1.18 x – 0.27, R 2 = 0.91 NMB = – 0.03 Annex 2: PM modelling in the UK 1 2 3 4 Measured NO3 surface concentration (µg m -3) Figure A2.7.1: Left: Nitrate concentrations in air modelled with FRAME for the year 2008; Right: Comparison of modelled nitrate concentrations in air with measurements from AGANet. 53. The model has also been used to calculate concentrations of base cations (Na + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ ) in the UK using emissions from both marine and land-based sources. Figure A2.7.2 illustrates the comparison with measurements of modelled concentrations of Mg 2+ emitted from sea salt spray. The model was found to obtain satisfactory agreement with measurements from the Acid Gases and Aerosols Monitoring Network. Also illustrated is the modelled concentration of Ca 2+ in air. Calcium concentrations in air exhibit a strong gradient near the coast as their primary emission source is also sea salt spray. However, anthropogenic emission sources and contributions from wind-blown dust are also present in the model. Calcium concentrations were not as well correlated with measurements as magnesium. This was attributed to the large uncertainty in the contribution to land-based emissions from wind-blown dust (Werner et al., 2011). Figure A2.7.2: Left: Comparison of modelled Mg 2+ concentrations in air with measurements from AGANet; Right: Ca 2+ concentrations in air modelled with FRAME (all µg m -3 ). 167
PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM model 54. A detailed description of the Pollution Climate Mapping (PCM) models for PM in 2004 can be found in Stedman et al. (2007). The methods used to derive the maps for 2009 are largely the same as adopted for the 2008 maps described in Grice et al. (2010), except for the more direct linkages with the calibration of the models for PM2.5. 55. The maps of annual mean background PM concentrations have been calculated by summing contributions from different sources: • secondary inorganic aerosol (derived by interpolation and scaling of measurements of SO4 2- , NO3 - and NH4 + at rural sites); • secondary organic aerosol (semi-volatile organic compounds formed by the oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds. Estimates derived from results from the HARM/ELMO model); • large point sources of primary particles (modelled using ADMS and emissions estimates from the NAEI); • small point sources of primary particles (modelled using the small points model and emissions estimates from the NAEI); • regional primary particles (from results from the TRACK model and emissions estimates from the NAEI and EMEP); • area sources of primary particles (modelled using a dispersion kernel and emissions estimates from the NAEI); • regional calcium-rich dusts from resuspension of soils (modelled using a dispersion kernel and information on land use); • urban calcium-rich dusts from resuspension of soils due to urban activity (estimated from a combination of measurements made in Birmingham and population density); • regional iron-rich dusts from resuspension (assumed to be a constant value, estimated measurements made in the vicinity of Birmingham); • iron-rich dusts from resuspension owing to vehicle activity (modelled using a dispersion kernel land and vehicle activity data for heavy duty vehicles); • sea salt (derived by interpolation and scaling of measurements of chloride at rural sites); and • residual sources (assumed to be a constant value). 56. The concentrations of many of these components have been estimated separately for the fine and coarse fraction. This enables a consistent method to be adopted for estimation of PM10 (the sum of the fine and coarse fractions) and PM2.5 (fine fractions only). These component pieces are then aggregated to a single 1 km x 1 km background PM10 grid. An additional roadside increment is added for roadside locations.
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
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PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
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PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
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PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
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PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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PM2.5 in the UK 44
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PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
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PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
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PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
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PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
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PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
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PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
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PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
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PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
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PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
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PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
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PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
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PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
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PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
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PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
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PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
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PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
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PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
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PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
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PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
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PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
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PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
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PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 131 and 132: PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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Page 135 and 136: PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
Page 137 and 138: PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
Page 139 and 140: PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
Page 141 and 142: PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
Page 143 and 144: PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
Page 145 and 146: PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
Page 147 and 148: PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
Page 149 and 150: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
Page 151 and 152: PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
Page 153 and 154: PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
Page 155 and 156: PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
Page 157 and 158: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
Page 159 and 160: PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
Page 161 and 162: PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
Page 163 and 164: PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
Page 165 and 166: PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
Page 167 and 168: PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
Page 169 and 170: PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
Page 171 and 172: PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
Page 173 and 174: PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
Page 175 and 176: PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
Page 177: PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
Page 181 and 182: PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
Page 183 and 184: PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
Page 187 and 188: PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
Page 189 and 190: PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
Page 193 and 194: PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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Page 197 and 198: PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
Page 199 and 200: PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
Page 201 and 202: PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
Page 203: PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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