Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Concentrations and composition of PM2.5 46. The chemical equivalence of nitrate and sulphate from AGANet with ammonium from the National Ammonia Monitoring Network (NAMN) has been tested by examining the ionic balance. The 1:1 equivalence between ammonium and the sum of “nitrate + 2 x sulphate” seen in Figure 3.19 confirms the neutrality of the particles and that nitrate and sulphate are present mainly as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) respectively. The units are in nmol m -3 to allow equivalence to be demonstrated. -3 PM NH4, nmol m 4 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 y = 0.9741x - 2.5706 R 2 = 0.9665 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 PM NO 3 + 2xPM SO 4 , nmol m -3 Figure 3.19: Ammonium concentrations versus nitrate plus two times sulphate concentrations in nmol m -3 (data from 30 AGANet sites, 1999-2009). 3.9.4 Trends in nitrate, sulphate, ammonium, black smoke and black carbon Nitrate 47. Measurements of nitrate began at acid precipitation network sites in 1990 and the 1990-2000 measurements at Eskdalemuir show a -20% to -30% decrease over this period (Lovblad et al., 2004) in line with the observations for EMEP sites in Norway and Denmark. Nitrate measurements switched to the Delta denuder method in 2001 and RoTAP (2012) reports the spatial distribution of the annual mean PM nitrate concentrations using these data. No information was provided in RoTAP (2012) for the presence of any trends in nitrate, which may reflect the large annual variability in concentrations. 48. The pattern of nitrate concentrations measured between September 1999 and December 2009 across the 12 long-term sites in the AGANet programme is shown in Figure 3.20. Concentrations increase from 2000 to 2003, then decrease to 2009, leading to little overall change over this period (Mann– Kendall trend analysis at 95% confidence level shows a slight downward trend of -0.04 µg m -3 yr -1 ). There is a notable peak in the spring of 2003 (February- April), although nitrate concentrations are typically high at this time of the year (Figure 3.21). 71
PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year Nitrate Sulphate 2006 2007 2008 2009 SO 4 3 2 1 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 Figure 3.20: Nitrate and sulphate concentrations (µg m -3 ) at rural sites, 1999- 2009 (data from 12 AGANet sites fitted with a smoothed trendline). The shading represents the 95% confidence interval. Note different scales. NO 2 30 25 20 15 Nitrate J F M A M J J A S O N D month SO 4 14 12 10 08 Sulphate J F M A M J J A S O N D month Figure 3.21: Nitrate and sulphate concentrations (µg m -3 ) at rural sites, 1999- 2009 (data from 12 AGANet sites by month of the year). The shading represents the 95% confidence interval. Note different scales. Sulphate 49. PM sulphate concentrations have been monitored at the Eskdalemuir EMEP site for over 30 years. Over the period 1977-2002, sulphate concentrations decreased by a factor of two, whilst at the same time SO2 concentrations decreased by a factor of seven. The fraction of airborne sulphur present as sulphate has thus increased from 0.3 to 0.65. By the end of this time series, sulphate had become the major vector of atmospheric sulphur because of its much longer atmospheric residence time compared with SO2. Changes in sulphate have not responded linearly to changes in SO2 emissions over the 1977- 2002 period. The simultaneous trends in precipitation sulphate at Eskdalemuir have followed closely those in PM sulphate, preserving a relatively constant rain-out/wash-out ratio. This would argue against there having been any major change in the size distribution and neutralisation properties of PM sulphate.
Page 1 and 2:
AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
Page 3 and 4:
This is a report from the Air Quali
Page 5 and 6:
II Membership Chair Professor Paul
Page 7 and 8:
IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
Page 9 and 10:
VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
Page 11 and 12:
VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
Page 13 and 14:
PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
Page 15 and 16:
PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
Page 17 and 18:
PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
Page 19 and 20:
PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
Page 21 and 22:
PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
Page 23 and 24:
PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
Page 25 and 26:
PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
Page 27 and 28:
PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
Page 29 and 30:
PM2.5 in the UK 18
Page 31 and 32: PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
Page 33 and 34: PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
Page 35 and 36: PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
Page 37 and 38: PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40: PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
Page 41 and 42: PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
Page 55 and 56: PM2.5 in the UK 44
Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 85 and 86: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 87 and 88: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
Page 97 and 98: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103 and 104: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 105 and 106: PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
Page 107 and 108: PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
Page 111 and 112: PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
Page 113 and 114: PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
Page 115 and 116: PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
Page 117 and 118: PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
Page 119 and 120: PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
Page 121 and 122: PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
Page 123 and 124: PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
Page 125 and 126: PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 131 and 132: PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
Page 133 and 134:
PM2.5 in the UK 122
Page 135 and 136:
PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
Page 137 and 138:
PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
Page 139 and 140:
PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
Page 141 and 142:
PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
Page 143 and 144:
PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
Page 145 and 146:
PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
Page 147 and 148:
PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
Page 149 and 150:
PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
Page 151 and 152:
PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
Page 153 and 154:
PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
Page 155 and 156:
PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
Page 157 and 158:
PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
Page 159 and 160:
PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
Page 161 and 162:
PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
Page 163 and 164:
PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
Page 165 and 166:
PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
Page 167 and 168:
PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
Page 169 and 170:
PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
Page 171 and 172:
PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
Page 173 and 174:
PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
Page 175 and 176:
PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
Page 177 and 178:
PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
Page 179 and 180:
PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
Page 181 and 182:
PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
Page 183 and 184:
PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
Page 185 and 186:
PM2.5 in the UK 174
Page 187 and 188:
PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
Page 189 and 190:
PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
Page 191 and 192:
PM2.5 in the UK 180
Page 193 and 194:
PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
Page 195 and 196:
PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
Page 197 and 198:
PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
Page 199 and 200:
PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
Page 201 and 202:
PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
Page 203:
PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
show all

Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?