Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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References Chapter 1: Introduction AQEG (2007). Air Quality and Climate Change: A UK Perspective. Defra, London, UK. http:// www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/air/air-quality/committees/aqeg/publish/ Burkhardt J. (2010). Hygroscopic particles on leaf surfaces: Nutrients or desiccants? Ecological Monographs, 80, 369-399. Cape J.N. (1993). Direct damage to vegetation caused by acid rain and polluted cloud: Definition of critical levels for forest trees. Environmental Pollution, 82, 167-180. COMEAP (2009). Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution: Effect on Mortality. The Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. COMEAP (2010). The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom. The Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. Harrison R.M., Giorio C., Beddows D.C., and Dall’Osto M. (2010). Size distribution of airborne particles controls outcomes of epidemiological studies. Sci. Total Environ., 409, 289-293. Mercado L.M., Bellouin N., Sitch S., Boucher O., Huntingford C., Wild M., and Cox P.M. (2009). Impact of changes in diffuse radiation on the global land carbon sink. Nature, 458, 1014-1017. Nyiri A., Gauss M. and Klei H. (2010). Transboundary air pollution by main pollutants (S, N, O3) and PM. July 2010. The United Kingdom MSC-W Data Note 1/2010. Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Pruppacher H.R. and Klett J.D. (2010). Microphysics of clouds and precipitation. Springer. RoTAP (2012). Review of Transboundary Air Pollution. Acidification, Eutrophication, Ground- Level Ozone and Heavy Metals in the UK. http://www.rotap.ceh.ac.uk/ Seinfield J.H. and Pandis S.N. (1998). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Smith R.I., Fowler D., Sutton M.A., Flechard C. and Coyle M. (2000). Regional estimation of pollutant gas deposition in the UK: Model description, sensitivity analyses and outputs. Atmos. Env., 34, 3757-3777. References UBA (2004). Manual on Methodologies and Criteria for Modelling and Mapping Critical Loads and Levels; and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends. Umweltbundesamt, Berlin. http://www.rivm.nl/en/themasites/icpmm/index.html 181
PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measuring Brown A.S., Yardley R.E., Quincey P.G. and Butterfield D.M. (2006). Studies of the effect of humidity and other factors on some different filter materials used for gravimetric measurements of ambient particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment, 40(25), 4670-4678. Butterfield D.M. and Quincey P.G. (2009). Study on the Effects of Humidity on the Mass of UK PM Samples. NPL Report AS 40, 2009. Cavalli F., Viana M., Yttri K.E., Genberg J. and Putaud J.-P. (2010). Toward a standardised thermal-optical protocol for measuring atmospheric organic and elemental carbon: The EUSAAR protocol. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 3, 79-89. EN 14907:2005 Ambient Air Quality – Reference gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM2.5 mass fraction of suspended particulate matter in ambient air. Guide to the Demonstration of Equivalence of Ambient Air Monitoring Methods (2010). http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/pdf/equivalence.pdf Harrison D., Maggs R., and Booker J. (2006). UK Equivalence Programme for Monitoring of Particulate Matter. Bureau Veritas June 2006 (BV/AQ/AD202209/DH/2396). http:// www. airquality.co.uk/archive/reports/cat05/0606130952_UKPMEquivalence.pdf Rasmussen P.E., Gardner H.D. and Niu J. (2010). Buoyancy-corrected gravimetric analysis of lightly loaded filters. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 60(9), 1065-1077. Tang Y.S., Simmons T., VanDijk N. D., Morco C., Nemitz E., Damngen U., Gillce K., Durici V., Vidic S., Gilha Z., Barovecki D, Mitosinkova M., Hanssen J.E., Uggervd T.H., Sanz M.J., Sanz P., Chavda J.V., Flechard C.R., Faurel Y., Ferm M., Pellho C. and Sutton M.A. (2009). European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment: NitroEurope special issue, 133, 183-195. Virkkula A., Makela T., Hillamo R., Yli-Tuomi T., Hirsikko A., Hamen K., and Koponen I. K. (2007). A simple procedure for correcting loading effects of aethalometer data. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 57, 1214-1222. Watson J.G., Viana M., Yttri K.E., Genberg J. and Putaud J.-P., Chow J.C. and Chen L. - W. A. (2005). Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 5, 65-102. Chapter 3: Monitoring Carslaw D. and Ropkins K. (2011). Openair: Open-source tools for the analysis of air pollution data. R package version 0.4-17. De Leeuw F. and Horálek J. (2009). Assessment of the health impacts of exposure to PM2.5 at a European level. ETC/ACC Technical Paper 2009/1. The European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (ETC/ACC), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Draxler R.R. and Hess G.D. (1997). Description of the HYSPLIT_4 modelling system. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-224, 24 pp. NOAA, Silver Spring, Md. 182
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
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PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
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PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
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PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
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PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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PM2.5 in the UK 44
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PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
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PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
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PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
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PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
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PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
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PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
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PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
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PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
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PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
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PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
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PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
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PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
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PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
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PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
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PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
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PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
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PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
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PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
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PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
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PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
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PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
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PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
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PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
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PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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PM2.5 in the UK 122
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PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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Page 147 and 148: PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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Page 159 and 160: PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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Page 165 and 166: PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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Page 171 and 172: PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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Page 175 and 176: PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
Page 177 and 178: PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
Page 179 and 180: PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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Page 183 and 184: PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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Page 187 and 188: PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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Page 195 and 196: PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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Page 199 and 200: PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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