Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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PM2.5 emissions and receptor modelling 20. According to the inventories, total PM2.5 emissions have fallen by 55% since 1990. This has largely been due to a reduction in emissions from the power generation sector caused by the switch from coal to natural gas and nuclear power electricity generation, as well as improvement in the performance of particulate abatement plants at coal-fired power stations. 21. Exhaust emissions of PM2.5 from road vehicles have fallen by 57% over this period, due to the penetration into the fleet of diesel vehicles meeting tighter standards on PM emissions and the use of cleaner fuels offsetting the growth in traffic during this period, and also to the switch to diesel in the car fleet. Nonexhaust emissions from traffic have increased by 20% over the same period as traffic has increased with no accompanying controls on these emissions; they are now responsible for 38% of all traffic emissions of PM2.5 in 2009 whereas in 1990 their contribution was just 18%. Figure 4.2 shows a more detailed breakdown in emissions from road transport by vehicle type over the 1990-2020 period. Diesel cars were responsible for the largest share in exhaust emissions (41%) in 2009. Most of the decline in exhaust emissions since 1990 has come about through reductions in PM emissions from HGVs. Emissions (ktonnes) 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 Total UK PM2.5 Emissions (kt), 1990-2009, 2015 and 2020 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Other (Non-Combustion) Other (Combustion) Small Scale Waste Burning Agriculture Iron and steel production Other Mineral products Quarrying and Mining of Minerals Other Than Coal Residential Off Road Transport Other Transport (including Rail, National Navigation and Aviation LTO) Road Transport (Non-Exhaust) Road Transport (Exhaust) Combustion in Industry Combustion in the Energy Industries Figure 4.1: UK emissions of primary PM2.5 from different sources from 1990- 2009 and projected to 2020 according to the NAEI (Passant et al., 2011). The projections are based on assumptions about future levels of activities and changes in emission factors according to current legislation (Wagner, 2010). 83
PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emissions of primary PM2.5 from different sources from 1990-2009 and projected to 2020 according to the NAEI (Passant et al., 2011). The projections are based on assumptions about future levels of activities and changes in emission factors according to current legislation (Wagner, 2010). 84 UK PM2.5 emissions (ktonnes) Emission source 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2015 2020 combustion in the energy industries 33.6 20.2 12.2 6.6 4.8 3.9 5.4 combustion in industry 8.9 7.8 4.7 3.7 3.1 2.8 2.6 road transport (exhaust) 29.2 32.3 23.1 17.4 12.4 5.7 2.0 road transport (non-exhaust) 6.4 6.7 7.3 7.8 7.8 8.2 8.8 other transport (including rail, national navigation and aviation landing and take-off) 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.0 1.6 1.3 off-road transport 15.9 16.2 15.7 12.3 8.0 3.9 2.9 residential 19.3 11.7 10.0 7.4 9.8 8.3 7.9 quarrying and mining of minerals other than coal 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.4 1.9 1.7 1.7 other mineral products 3.6 3.4 2.8 3.2 2.1 2.5 2.5 iron and steel production 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.2 2.5 2.2 2.2 agriculture 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 small-scale waste burning 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 other (combustion) 7.9 6.1 4.8 4.6 5.3 4.0 4.0 other (non-combustion) 17.0 13.2 7.6 6.8 5.0 5.8 5.8 TOTAL 157.6 132.8 103.1 83.6 70.5 56.8 53.0 22. As stated earlier, inventories for PM2.5 are generally calculated by applying PM2.5 mass fractions to sector-specific emission factors for PM10 or TSP. To demonstrate this, Figure 4.3 shows the PM2.5:PM10 ratio in emissions for a number of key sectors in 2009. These have been back-calculated from detailed inventories for both PM10 and PM2.5 using ratios for each individual sub-sector, so they are in effect weighted averages of ratios for each key sector. The figure demonstrates how emissions from combustion processes are generally associated with high values of PM2.5:PM10 ratio (e.g. 0.95 for vehicle exhausts), while PM emissions from more mechanical, non-combustion sources, such as mining, quarrying and agriculture, are associated with smaller PM2.5:PM10 ratios indicating that a higher proportion of the emitted PM mass is in the coarse mode. The ratios for tyre wear, brake wear and road abrasion are 0.70, 0.40 and 0.54 respectively, giving a combined average of 0.55.
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 85 and 86: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 87 and 88: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 97 and 98: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103 and 104: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 105 and 106: PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
Page 107 and 108: PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
Page 111 and 112: PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
Page 113 and 114: PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
Page 115 and 116: PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
Page 117 and 118: PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
Page 119 and 120: PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
Page 121 and 122: PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
Page 123 and 124: PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
Page 125 and 126: PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 131 and 132: PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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Page 135 and 136: PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
Page 137 and 138: PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
Page 139 and 140: PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
Page 141 and 142: PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
Page 143 and 144: PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
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PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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