Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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PM2.5 emissions and receptor modelling 25. Figures 4.1 and 4.2 showed the latest UK emission projections for PM2.5 to 2020. Future emissions of PM2.5 are predicted to fall by nearly 17 ktonnes by 2020, a decrease of 25% relative to 2009 levels. Most of this decrease (10 ktonnes) is due to a reduction in exhaust emissions from road transport due to the continued fleet penetration of vehicles meeting tighter emission standards. Emissions from off-road transport are expected to fall by 5 ktonnes, the next largest contributor to overall UK emission reductions. Figure 4.2 illustrates how much more important the non-exhaust components of traffic emissions will become by 2020. Unless measures are taken to reduce these emissions, and taking into account the predicted decrease in exhaust emissions, the contribution made by non-exhaust traffic emissions (tyre and brake wear, and road abrasion) will increase from 38% of all road transport emissions in 2009 to 81% in 2020. This is based on current assumptions about the fraction of PM emitted from non-exhaust traffic sources as PM2.5, but there is doubt, as discussed later in this section, as to whether any of the tyre wear PM mass is emitted in the PM2.5 fraction. If this is the case, then the contribution from the remaining non-exhaust PM2.5 emissions (brake wear and road abrasion) to total traffic PM2.5 emissions will be 27% in 2009 rising to 71% in 2020. This clearly emphasises the need to introduce measures to control emissions from these non-exhaust traffic sources. Emissions (ktonnes) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Total EU-27 PM2.5 Emissions (kt), 1990-2008 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Other (Non-Combustion) Other (Combustion) Small Scale Waste Burning Agriculture Iron and steel production Other Mineral products Quarrying and Mining of Minerals Other Than Coal Residential Off Road Transport Other Transport (including Rail, National Navigation and Aviation LTO) Road Transport (Non-Exhaust) Road Transport (Exhaust) Combustion in Industry Figure 4.4: Total EU-27 PM2.5 emissions (ktonnes), 1990-2008. Combustion in the Energy Industries 87
PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spatial distribution of PM2.5 emissions in the UK in 2009. 4.2.2 Inventory uncertainties and gaps 26. The uncertainties in emission inventory estimates stem from the uncertainties in emission factors, in the levels of activity for each source sector and in the size distribution of the particles emitted from each source. At the national level, the NAEI quantifies uncertainties in annual rates of UK emissions of PM
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
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PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
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PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 85 and 86: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 87 and 88: PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
Page 97: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103 and 104: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 105 and 106: PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
Page 107 and 108: PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
Page 111 and 112: PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
Page 113 and 114: PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
Page 115 and 116: PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
Page 117 and 118: PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
Page 119 and 120: PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
Page 121 and 122: PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
Page 123 and 124: PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
Page 125 and 126: PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 131 and 132: PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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Page 135 and 136: PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
Page 137 and 138: PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
Page 139 and 140: PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
Page 141 and 142: PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
Page 143 and 144: PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
Page 145 and 146: PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
Page 147 and 148: PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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