Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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Concentrations and composition of PM2.5 56. Longer term trends in black carbon concentrations can be gauged by combining the recent aethalometer data with results from the earlier Black Smoke Network. The black smoke data can be converted to black carbon equivalents at least as an approximation, even though there are significant differences in the measurement methods, including black smoke not being selectively sampled as the PM2.5 fraction (Quincey et al., 2011). Black carbon concentrations and trends derived in this way are shown in Figure 3.22. µg.m -3 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 BATH 6 HALESOWEN / Dudley SOUTH KIRKBY Black Smoke Method Time CARDIFF 12 HALIFAX 17 STRABANE 2 Aethalometer 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 DUNMURRY 3 NORWICH WOOLWICH 9 Figure 3.22: Trends in black carbon and converted black smoke concentrations 2000 to 2010. 57. Black smoke concentrations at Strabane 2 were initially much higher than at the other urban sites, but declined steadily until 2006, when they became comparable to those at the other sites. Oil-fired central heating was introduced in 2004 into the estate of houses that surrounds the monitoring site on three sides generally replacing coal burning, and this will have contributed to the decline. Apart from Strabane 2 there are no significant trends at the other urban sites across the UK. 75
PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from the aethalometer instruments are reported hourly, so that variations through the day can be observed. Diurnal variations averaged over 2010 are shown for four sites chosen to illustrate the different temporal patterns that arise from different sources (Figure 3.23). The shaded area represents the uncertainty in the mean value for each hour at the 95% confidence level. It does not represent the overall measurement uncertainty. As noted above, the London Marylebone Road kerbside concentrations are much higher and persist during the day; there are no morning and evening rush hour peaks. The influence of domestic heating on black carbon at the Strabane site is very evident, with an evening peak of a few µg m -3 . There is thus evidence that the use of solid and/or liquid fuel for domestic heating can contribute to higher black carbon concentrations, with this being most significant during the evening. 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 MAN MY1 STR HAR 6 12 hour 18 23 Figure 3.23: Black carbon diurnal variation in 2010 (µg m -3 ) at London Marylebone Road (MY1), Manchester Piccadilly (MAN), Harwell (HAR) and Strabane 2 (STR) (Northern Ireland). The shading represents the 95% confidence interval of the mean.
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
Page 35 and 36: PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
Page 37 and 38: PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
Page 39 and 40: PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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Page 43 and 44: PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
Page 45 and 46: PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
Page 47 and 48: PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
Page 49 and 50: PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
Page 51 and 52: PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
Page 53 and 54: PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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Page 57 and 58: PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
Page 59 and 60: PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
Page 61 and 62: PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
Page 63 and 64: PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
Page 65 and 66: PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
Page 67 and 68: PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
Page 69 and 70: PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
Page 71 and 72: PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
Page 73 and 74: PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
Page 75 and 76: PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
Page 77 and 78: PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
Page 79 and 80: PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
Page 81 and 82: PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
Page 83 and 84: PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
Page 85: PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
Page 89 and 90: PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
Page 91 and 92: PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
Page 93 and 94: PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
Page 95 and 96: PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
Page 97 and 98: PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
Page 99 and 100: PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
Page 101 and 102: PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
Page 103 and 104: PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
Page 105 and 106: PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
Page 107 and 108: PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
Page 109 and 110: PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
Page 111 and 112: PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
Page 113 and 114: PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
Page 115 and 116: PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
Page 117 and 118: PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
Page 119 and 120: PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
Page 121 and 122: PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
Page 123 and 124: PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
Page 125 and 126: PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
Page 127 and 128: PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
Page 129 and 130: PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
Page 131 and 132: PM2.5 in the UK 120 105. Receptor m
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Page 135 and 136: PM2.5 in the UK 124 5. At the regio
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PM2.5 in the UK 126 15. Some of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 128 Figure 5.2: Tot
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PM2.5 in the UK 130 µgm -3 160 140
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PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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PM2.5 in the UK 134 with larger dev
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PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 5.9: Compari
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PM2.5 in the UK 140 PM2.5 concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
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PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 2: PM modelli
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PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
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PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
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PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
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PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
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PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
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PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
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PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
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PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
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PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
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PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
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PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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PM2.5 in the UK 170 illustrated by
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PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory mode
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PM2.5 in the UK 174
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PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
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PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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PM2.5 in the UK 180
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 2: Measurin
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PM2.5 in the UK RoTAP (2012). Revie
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PM2.5 in the UK Harrison R.M. and Y
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PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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PM2.5 in the UK Jones A.M., Harriso
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PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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