Air quality expert group - Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in ... - Defra

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line and point sources. But the same treatment used in the PCM model has been adopted for secondary organic aerosol and other PM components not covered in the emissions inventory and thus not directly modelled. Total PM concentrations are calculated for each 1 km x 1 km grid square by adding all the different contributions for the appropriate size fraction, PM10 or PM2.5. Bearing in mind the uncertainties of future projections, the treatment of roadside concentrations is aimed at an overall statistical comparison with air quality limit values across the UK, rather than accurate projections at specific locations as for example in ADMS. Roadside enhancement factors for street canyon effects are related to population density and roadside concentrations are calculated for the road with the highest emission density in each grid square. Results from UKIAM/ BRUTAL were submitted for the Defra model inter-comparison exercise, showing comparable performance with other models. Applications to modelling of PM2.5 and source apportionment 65. Illustrative results on source apportionment of population-weighted mean concentrations are given below in Figure A2.9.1, with comparisons for the years 2000 and 2020 to complement results given in Chapter 5. PWM Concentration (µg/m 3) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Source-appotioned PM2.5 concentrations for UEP30 scenarios (2000/2020) B2000 B2020 aNO3 SO4 NH4 Primary PM2.5 Pmwater SOA SeaSalt Iron dust Calcium dust Figure A2.9.1: Breakdown of PM2.5 concentrations by component for 2000 and 2020. A2.10: ADMS-Urban Annex 2: PM modelling in the UK 66. The ADMS-Urban model is described in Carruthers et al. (1998) and its treatment of particulates in particular is covered in AQEG’s report on PM (AQEG, 2005). In essence the model calculates the concentration of PM as the sum of the calculated contribution from sources represented in an emission inventory for the domain of interest and the rural background estimated from measured data or from a regional model(s). The transport and diffusion of PM emitted from the domain of interest is calculated using the ADMS dispersion algorithms for point, line, area and grid sources nested within a 171
PM2.5 in the UK 172 trajectory model. The ADMS algorithms include allowance for the impacts of plume rise, street canyons and traffic-produced turbulence; they also include a simplified chemistry scheme which includes generation of sulphate and nitrate particulates. 67. The following data are taken from the results of ADMS-Urban calculations for PM2.5 undertaken as part of the model inter-comparison study (Carslaw et al., 2011) for London for 2008. This study also considered other pollutant species (PM10, NOx, NO2 and ozone) and the results of a number of other models. In this example, emissions data were either used directly from the London Atmospheric Emission Inventory for 2008 (LAEI, 2008) in the case of roads, or derived from PM10 using factors relating PM2.5 to PM10 emissions (AQEG, 2005) (for emissions from agriculture, airports, the combustion of domestic coal, domestic gas, domestic oil, industrial coal and industrial gas, natural sources, shipping and the use of solvents). 68. In this study the background concentrations of PM2.5 were accounted for using monitored data for the year 2008 from the sites at Rochester and Harwell depending on the wind direction. The Heathrow site was used to provide hourly sequential meteorological data for input into the model. Calculated annual average (µg/m 3 ) 25 20 15 10 5 PM2.5 annual average scatter plot 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Monitored annual average (µg/m 3 ) Background Roadside Roadside AURN Background AURN Figure A2.10.1: Scatter plot of calculated and monitored annual average concentrations of PM2.5 for 2008. 69. A comparison of modelled and monitored annual average PM2.5 concentrations is shown in Figure A2.10.1. The comparison shows reasonable agreement between modelled and measured data, but an overall tendency for some underprediction of the higher monitored values. Note here that the annual average background concentration is 9.4 µg m -3 .
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AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP Fine Parti
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This is a report from the Air Quali
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II Membership Chair Professor Paul
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IV Acknowledgements The Air Quality
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VI 2.5 Summary 39 2.5.1 What does t
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VIII 5.4 Components of PM2.5 and so
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PM2.5 in the UK 2 Air Quality Direc
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PM2.5 in the UK 4 I.2.1 Concentrati
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PM2.5 in the UK 6 • PM2.5 emissio
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PM2.5 in the UK 8 I.4.1 Modelling r
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PM2.5 in the UK 10 4. In broad term
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 1.2: National
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PM2.5 in the UK 14 17. Dry depositi
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PM2.5 in the UK 16 in ozone in the
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PM2.5 in the UK 18
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PM2.5 in the UK 20 5. The exact for
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PM2.5 in the UK 22 12. These diffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 24 2.3 Methods used
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PM2.5 in the UK 26 (e) During the
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PM2.5 in the UK 28 2.3.3 The Partis
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PM2.5 in the UK 30 35. For non-auto
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PM2.5 in the UK 32 43. Ratification
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PM2.5 in the UK 34 49. Many of the
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PM2.5 in the UK 36 57. Black carbon
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PM2.5 in the UK 38 2.4.4 PM2.5 elem
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PM2.5 in the UK 40 average of 93.6%
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PM2.5 in the UK Annex 1 - PM2.5 mon
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PM2.5 in the UK 44
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PM2.5 in the UK 46 3.2.1 Diurnal va
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PM2.5 in the UK 48 PM2.5/µgm -3 20
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PM2.5 in the UK 50 3.2.4 Seasonal v
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PM2.5 in the UK 52 12. Results are
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PM2.5 in the UK 54 3.4.2 Relationsh
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PM2.5 in the UK 56 Correlation 0.8
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PM2.5 in the UK Figure 3.11: Polar
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PM2.5 in the UK 60 south. Further a
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PM2.5 in the UK 62 3.7 PM2.5 episod
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PM2.5 in the UK 64 secondary ammoni
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PM2.5 in the UK 66 3.8 PM2.5 concen
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PM2.5 in the UK 68 3.9 Composition
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PM2.5 in the UK 70 43. The UK has i
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PM2.5 in the UK 72 NO 3 6 4 2 2000
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PM2.5 in the UK 74 54. PM ammonium
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PM2.5 in the UK 76 58. Data from th
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PM2.5 in the UK 78 (k) Road traffic
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PM2.5 in the UK 80 provided by spec
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PM2.5 in the UK 82 14. The London L
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PM2.5 in the UK Table 4.1: UK emiss
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PM2.5 in the UK 86 24. National inv
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PM2.5 in the UK 88 Figure 4.5: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 90 either nanoparti
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PM2.5 in the UK 92 37. Further cons
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PM2.5 in the UK Emissions (ktonnes)
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PM2.5 in the UK 96 Figure 4.7: Spat
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PM2.5 in the UK 98 4.4 A critical a
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PM2.5 in the UK 100 60. At a local
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PM2.5 in the UK 102 measurements an
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PM2.5 in the UK 104 4.5.2 Quantifyi
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PM2.5 in the UK 106 77. Early effor
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PM2.5 in the UK 108 4.6.1 Receptor
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PM2.5 in the UK 110 is predicated o
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PM2.5 in the UK 112 PM2.5 contribut
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PM2.5 in the UK 114 inorganic parti
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PM2.5 in the UK 116 93. While there
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PM2.5 in the UK 118 100% 90% 80% 70
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Page 143 and 144: PM2.5 in the UK 132 PM component (
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Page 147 and 148: PM2.5 in the UK 136 Figure 5.8: UKI
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Page 153 and 154: PM2.5 in the UK 142 the North Sea (
Page 155 and 156: PM2.5 in the UK 144 53. Modelling r
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Page 159 and 160: PM2.5 in the UK 148 2. Figure A2.1.
Page 161 and 162: PM2.5 in the UK 150 6. The non-line
Page 163 and 164: PM2.5 in the UK 152 Model 50 45 40
Page 165 and 166: PM2.5 in the UK 154 (a) (b) modPM 2
Page 167 and 168: PM2.5 in the UK 156 NO3 - concentra
Page 169 and 170: PM2.5 in the UK 158 26. This was in
Page 171 and 172: PM2.5 in the UK 160 SIA components
Page 173 and 174: PM2.5 in the UK 162 x 50 km grid fo
Page 175 and 176: PM2.5 in the UK 164 A2.6: Photochem
Page 177 and 178: PM2.5 in the UK 166 PM2.5 Emission
Page 179 and 180: PM2.5 in the UK 168 A2.8: PCM PM mo
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Page 187 and 188: PM2.5 in the UK 176 4. The delivery
Page 189 and 190: PM2.5 in the UK 178 12. With respec
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Page 199 and 200: PM2.5 in the UK Chapter 5 Modelling
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Page 203: PB13837 Nobel House 17 Smith Square
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