SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

Recommendations

Info

78 Chapter 4: Technical Aspects of Scroll Writing An example of a scroll with very wide columns measuring 21–24 cm is 4QJerb (115–130 letter-spaces; reconstructed). The narrowest columns measuring 1.7–2.0 cm (illustr. 16) 16 are found in 4QMMT a (4Q394) 1– 2 cols. i–v, probably reflecting a separate composition, 4QCal Doc/Mish D (thus S. Talmon, DJD XXI, 157–66). If, indeed, frgs. 1–2 belong to the same scroll as frgs 3–9, as the editors of DJD X (Qimron–Strugnell) believe, the difference in column-widths would be striking, as the columns in frgs. 3–9 are 10–11 cm wide. The scribe of 4Q394 presented the information in a narrow format in order to record only one piece of information per line, either a number or a date; there are some exceptions, including when the word wb appears and when compound numerals are written on either one or two lines. Another example is col. II of 4QApocryphal Psalm and Prayer (4Q448) with nine lines of 1–3 words (c. 2.7 cm). In another calendrical text, 4QCal Doc/Mish A (4Q320), the internal differences are striking: in frg. 4 ii the widest line is 2.0 cm, while in cols. iii and v the width of the lines is 4.0 cm. Furthermore, all the poetical compositions that present the text stichographically with hemistichs (system 1a in ch. 5b), such as in most columns of 4QPsb written in hemistichs measuring c. 3.7–4.5 cm, present narrow columns (illustr. 19). 19 Greek papyrus scrolls containing prose were written usually in narrow columns (5.0–7.0 cm [Kenyon, Books and Readers, 56]), while poetry texts could be as wide as 10–14 cm. According to Sof. 2.15, half the length of a column in a Torah scroll must not exceed its breadth nor must the breadth exceed half its height (cf. Blau, Studien, 126). However, since the columns in the Qumran scrolls are usually of variable width while their length is usually identical, they could never have been written according to this rule. Thus, in 1QIsa a neither the narrow columns (e.g. col. LII) nor the wide columns (e.g. col. LI) follow these parameters. In general, this rule is neither followed for short nor long columns in the extant Qumran scrolls. According to y. Meg. 1.71c, the minimum line-length is nine letters in Scripture texts. In the nonbiblical texts described above, the columns are sometimes narrower. The wider columns often occur at the beginning of sheets; compare, for example, the first column of the second sheet of 1QIsa a measuring 12.3 cm (col. IV) with the following columns (11.5, 11.9, and 11.4 cm). The person who made the grid for these columns probably did not pay close attention to the exact size of the sheet, and began with too wide a column. Likewise, wider columns often appeared at the end (cf., e.g. col. XLIX of 1QIsa a measuring 16.3 cm with the preceding two columns of 14.2 and 14.8 cm), to fill out the uninscribed area. By the same token, narrow columns often were positioned at the ends of sheets (compare, e.g. col. XLIII of 1QIsa a measuring 12.9 cm with the preceding two columns of 15.7 and 16.3 cm, and col. LII measuring 8.8 cm with the preceding two columns of 13.3 and 14.0 cm). A similar situation pertains also in 1QM and 11QPs a XIV–XIX, where the first four columns are of similar length (between 13.2 and 13.6 cm), while the last two columns are both narrower at 12.0 cm each. This observation was made by G. Brooke, DJD XXII, 190 who assumed a similar situation for 4QCommGen A (4Q252). These diminishing dimensions reveal that the person who ruled the columns had to reduce the size of the later columns after realizing that the earlier ones were too large. Likewise, narrow columns are often drawn at the beginning of sheets in an attempt to conserve space. The average number of lines per column in Qumran scrolls is probably twenty, with a height of approximately 14–15 cm (including the top and bottom margins). Larger scrolls contained columns with from 25 to as many as 60 lines. Scrolls of the smallest dimensions contained merely 5–13 lines and their height was similarly small. Greek literary papyrus scrolls of less than twenty-five lines are rare (Kenyon, Books and Readers, 59). The dimensions of the Qumran papyrus scrolls are not known as no complete columns have been preserved together with their top and bottom margins. In Egyptian papyrus scrolls, beyond those of full size for which the dimensions are recorded in § d, half-size scrolls are also known (10–12 cm high in the Old Kingdom), created by cutting the papyrus in two halves (Posener-Kriéger, “Old Kingdom Papyri,” 25).
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 79 The data in TABLE 15 relating to the number of lines and the height of the leather is meant to be exhaustive for the well-preserved and/or easily reconstructable scrolls from the Judean Desert. The items are listed in ascending order of the number of lines per column, and within each group of texts with the same number of lines, the scrolls are arranged in ascending order of the absolute height of the leather, including the top and bottom margins when this information is available. Usually, the number of lines is indicative of the size of the scroll. However, when the linespacing is unusually wide (e.g. 4QDana compared with 4QJerc [illustr. 20], 20 both 18 lines) or narrow (e.g. 4QGene , MurGen-Num, 4Q[Gen-]Exodb containing 50 lines with a height of approximately 50 cm compared with the minute script of 4QShirShabbd [4Q403], with a height of 18.0 cm), the height of the scroll is not necessarily indicated. The definition of the four writing-block sizes (small [4–14 lines], medium-sized [15–24], large [25–34], and very large [35– 60]) is impressionistic, and is made mainly for the sake of convenience. However, in the case of the ‘very large scrolls’, this definition is meaningful since virtually all such scrolls contain Scripture texts. TABLE 15: Number of Lines per Column and Leather Height Leather Scrolls with a Small Writing Block 4QIncantation (4Q444) 4 (the three fragments of four lines each contained a consecutive text). Frg. 1: 2.4+ cm, frg. 4: 3.2 cm, and frg. 5: 2.6 cm; illustr. 1 0 and E. Chazon, DJD XXIX, 368. 5QCurses (5Q14) 5 (4.5+ cm); J. T. Milik, DJD III, 183. 4QBirth of Noah b ar (4Q535) 6 (6.5 cm); É. Puech, DJD XXXI, pl. X. 5QLam a 7 (6.2–7.2 cm); J. T. Milik, DJD III, 174–5, pls. XXXVII– XXXVIII: I and II (7.0+ cm), III (6.5+ cm), IV (6.2+ cm), V (7.0+ cm). 4QprEsth b ar (4Q550a) 7 (6.5 cm). 4QCal Doc/Mish D (4Q325) 7 (7.0 cm, slightly reconstructed); S. Talmon, DJD XXI, pl. VII. 6QCant 7 (7.8 cm); M. Baillet, DJD III, pl. XXVIII. 4QprEsth a ar (4Q550) 7, 8 (5.8 cm). 4QprEsth d ar (4Q550c) 7, 8 (6.0 cm). 4QHalakha B (4Q264a) 8 (6.5 cm); J. Baumgarten, DJD XXXV, pl. V. 4QDanSuz? ar (4Q551) 8 (6.6 cm). 2QRuth a 8 (7.6+ cm); M. Baillet, DJD III, pl. XIV. 4QPsg 8 (8.1 cm); illustr. 1 7a 7 and Skehan–Ulrich–Flint, DJD XVI, pl. XIV. 4QExode 8 (8.2 cm); J. E. Sanderson, DJD XII, 129. 4QCal Doc/Mish B (4Q321) 8, 9 (7.7–8.5 cm); S. Talmon, DJD XXI, pls. III–IV. 4QToh A (4Q274) 1–2 9 frg. 1: 5.5 cm, frg. 2: 5.2 cm; J. Baumgarten, DJD XXXV, 99, and pl. VIII. 4QapocrLam B (4Q501) 9 (5.8 cm); M. Baillet, DJD VII, pl. XXVIII. 4QapocrMosa (4Q375) 9 (7.0 cm); J. Strugnell, DJD XIX, 111. XH≥ev/SeEschat Hymn (XH≥ev/Se 6) 9 (7.5 cm); M. Morgenstern, DJD XXXVIII, pl. XXXI. 4QList of False Prophets ar (4Q339) 9 (8.5 cm); Broshi–Yardeni, DJD XIX, 77 and pl. XI. 4QapocrDan ar (4Q246) 9 (8.5–8.8 cm); É. Puech, DJD XXII, 165. 4QZodiology and Brontology (4Q318) 9 (10.1 cm); M. Sokoloff, DJD XXXVI, pls. XV–XVI. 4QShira (4Q510) 9 (10.5 cm); M. Baillet, DJD VII, pl. LV. 4QDane 9 (6.1 cm + margins); E. Ulrich, DJD XVI, 287. 4QApocryphal Psalm and Prayer (4Q448) 9 (cols. II–III), 10 (col. I; 9.5 cm); illustr. 1 1 and E. Eshel,
Page 1:
SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
Page 5 and 6:
DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
Page 7 and 8:
Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
Page 9:
Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
Page 12 and 13:
xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
Page 14 and 15:
xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
Page 16 and 17:
REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
Page 18 and 19:
xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
Page 20 and 21:
xx Preface This book contains thous
Page 23 and 24:
1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
Page 25 and 26:
Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 51 and 52: 3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
Page 75 and 76: 4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
Page 99: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 133 and 134: (4) No indication Scribal Practices
Page 145 and 146: 5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267:
Page 270 and 271:
248 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
Page 272 and 273:
250 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
Page 274 and 275:
252 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions L
Page 276 and 277:
254 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
Page 278 and 279:
256 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
Page 280 and 281:
258 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions h
Page 282 and 283:
260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
Page 284 and 285:
262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
Page 286 and 287:
264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
Page 288 and 289:
266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
Page 290 and 291:
268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
Page 292 and 293:
270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
Page 294 and 295:
272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
Page 297 and 298:
APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
Page 305 and 306:
APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
Page 311 and 312:
CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
Page 313 and 314:
P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
Page 315 and 316:
P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325:
show all

SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?