SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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18 Chapter 2: Scribes Interchanges of graphically or phonetically similar letters are often mentioned in rabbinic literature, e.g. in Sifre Deuteronomy § 36 1 on Deut 6:9 (similarly b. Shabb. 103b): If one has written an >ayin instead of an
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 19 In the Judean Desert texts, a special arrangement of poetical units is known almost exclusively for biblical texts (including Ben Sira [2QSir and MasSir]) with only a few such layouts occurring in the nonbiblical poetical compositions. Thirty texts were written completely or partially in a special layout, while twenty-seven other scrolls of the same biblical books were written without a stichographic arrangement; for details, see ch. 5b. It is difficult to ascertain whether the use or nonuse of a special layout follows a pattern, and to what extent the choice was a result of the personal preference of the scribe. By the same token, different layouts are recognized for the writing of calendrical texts (see the beginning of ch. 5b). (10) Orthography While orthography was determined to a large extent by tradition and the guidance of scribal schools, at least within the scribal school that was active at Qumran and other places personal preferences of scribes are clearly visible when the practices of specific scrolls and scribes are compared. Thus the differences in orthography between scribes A and B of 1QIsa a and A and C of 1QH a are clearly recognizable (see TABLE 1). (11) Employment of number signs Several documentary and literary texts present numerals with the Aramaic numeral signs. In parallel copies of the same text, the individuality of the scribes (or different scribal habits?) can easily be seen. Some scribes use number signs, while others write the numbers in full. See ch. 5c9. (12) Writing of the Tetragrammaton While most scribes of the Qumran texts presented the Tetragrammaton in the square script, twenty-eight (twenty-nine?) texts written in the Qumran scribal practice used the paleo-Hebrew script for this purpose. Differing practices were in vogue even within that scribal environment as thirty-five texts written in the Qumran scribal practice employed the square script (contrast the data in ch. 6 TABLE 1 with TABLE 2). e. Identification of scribal hands With the aid of paleographical analysis different scribal hands can be identified within the same documents, although scholars often disagree on key issues (see below on 1QIsaa ). For example, the identification of scribal hands is also crucial in the case of three fragments ascribed to different scrolls in <strong>Tov</strong>, “The Jeremiah Scrolls from Qumran,” RevQ 14 (1989) 189–206, and now named 4QJerb , 4QJerd , and 4QJere . These fragments had previously been assigned to the same scroll (then named 4QJerb ). Several Judean Desert scrolls were written by more than one scribe. Seven of the nine examples of Hebrew scrolls written by more than one scribe which are mentioned in TABLE 1 pertain to texts written in the Qumran scribal practice, a fact which may further strengthen the idea of a Qumran scribal practice (ch. 8a). For long scrolls especially, it is difficult to ascertain how many were written by more than one scribe. The usual procedure was probably that each scroll, long or short, was written by a single scribe, with the involvement of more than one scribe being the exception rather than the rule. 1QIsaa , a long scroll, was written by two scribes, as was 4QApocryphal Psalm and Prayer (4Q448; illustr. 11), 11 a very small scroll. Changes of hand in the middle of the text are recognizable
Page 1: SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
Page 5 and 6: DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
Page 7 and 8: Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
Page 9: Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
Page 12 and 13: xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
Page 14 and 15: xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
Page 16 and 17: REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
Page 18 and 19: xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
Page 20 and 21: xx Preface This book contains thous
Page 23 and 24: 1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Page 29 and 30: Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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Page 51 and 52: 3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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(4) No indication Scribal Practices
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5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
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6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
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7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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