SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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254 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions The following six features characterize this morphology, which has a tendency towards lengthened pronominal, verbal, and in one case, adverbial forms (for statistical details, see APPENDIX 9, cols. 1–10): 327 (1) Lengthened independent pronouns: hawh, hayh, hmta, and hmh (the latter form is also found in MT and SP, in MT more in the later than the earlier books): cols. 1–4. (2) Lengthened pronominal suffixes for the second and third persons plural in nouns and prepositions, e.g. hmb, hmhb, hmklm: cols. 5–6. (3) Forms of the Qal imperfect o (w)yqt≥wlw and (w)tqt≥wlw which serve in MT as pausal forms, but occur in these texts as free forms: col. 7. (4) Forms of the Qal imperfect o with pronominal suffixes construed as y e qut≥lenu (et sim.) instead of yiqt e ≥lenu (et sim.): col. 8. (5) The form q e t≥altemah for the second person plural in all conjugations: col. 9. (6) Lengthened forms of dam, viz., hdawm, hdwam, hdwm: col. 10. Some of these features may have been created by analogy with existing forms, while others may be dialectical. Certain forms are described as archaic by Kutscher, Language, 52, 434–40; Qimron, Hebrew, 57; F. M. Cross, Jr., “Some Notes on a Generation of Qumran Studies,” in Trebolle–Vegas, The Madrid Qumran Congress, 1–14. The artificial nature of the lengthened forms was stressed by Fassberg (n. 327). Consistency and statistical analysis. Scribes writing in the Qumran practice adhered to a general system, but there was much room for variation in individual features as becomes clear from a comparison of overlapping texts written in this scribal system, such as the manuscripts of 4QDibHam, 4QMMT, 4QM a–f //1QM, 4QIsa c //1QIsa a , and 4QapocrJosh b (4Q379) 22 ii 7– 15//4QTest (4Q175) 21–30. Furthermore, these divergences are clearly evident when comparing the segments written by scribes A and B of 1QIsa a and scribes A and C of 1QH a , see ch. 1, TABLE 1 and APPENDIX 9 below. The shared spellings which are used most consistently in all scrolls in this group are the plene writings twaz/tawz/twz(h) (col. 11 in APPENDIX 9), hçwm (col. 13), awl (col. 14), lwk (col. 15), and the long spelling of the second person singular suffix hk- in nouns and prepositions (col. 18); the most frequently used forms are the lengthened forms of the verb of the type (w)tqt≥wlw and (w)yqt≥wlw (col. 7) and of dam (col. 10). Not all the idiosyncratic spellings and forms recorded in the other columns in APPENDIX 9 appear in all the texts. The combined group of features is probably best visible in the following biblical and nonbiblical texts: 4QNum b , 1QDeut a , 4QDeut k2 , 4QDeut m , 4QSam c , 1QIsa a (especially scribe B), 2QJer, 4QXII c , 4QPhyl A, B, J–K, L–N, 1QS, 1QSa, 1QM, 1QH a scribe C, 4Qpap pIsa c (4Q163), 4QFlor (4Q174), 4QM a (4Q491), 11QMelch (11Q13), and 11QT a (11Q19). At the same time, some features are absent from some texts which otherwise display most of the idiosyncrasies of the Qumran scribal practice. Thus ayk used in most texts belonging to this group (col. 16), does not appear in 1QIsa a (scribe A), 1QpHab, 1QH a (scribe A, usually), 4QXII c , the tefillin, most copies of D, 4QRP c (4Q365), 11QPs a , and 11QT a (11Q19). By the same token, the following texts lack spellings of the type of µklm and hmklm (col. 5): 1QIsa a (scribe A, usually), 1QS, 1QM, 1QH a (both scribes), 1QpHab, most copies of D and ShirShabb, 4QRP c (4Q365), and 11QPs a . The lengthened forms hawh, hayh, hmta are not found in 1QIsa a (scribe A), 4QIsa c , 1QpHab, 1QH a scribe A, most copies of D, and 11QT a (11Q19). There is no recognizable pattern for the distribution of the lack of these features in the various texts, neither regarding their content, scribes, or date, nor when combining these data with the distribution of scribal features such as cancellation dots (indicated in APPENDIX 9 by asterisks after the names of the compositions). These internal differences probably reflect varying personal preferences 327 See S. E. Fassberg, “The Preference for Lengthened Forms in Qumran Hebrew,” in Meghillot I, Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls (ed. M. Bar-Asher and D. Dimant; Heb. with Eng. summ.; Jerusalem 2003) 227–40.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 255 within a group of scribes, just as the divine names are not represented with paleo-Hebrew letters in all documents written according to the Qumran scribal practice (ch. 6, TABLES 1 and 2). Orthographic and morphological corrections such as a yk (supralinear dym (Tel Aviv 1964). Goren attempted to show that the
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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(4) No indication Scribal Practices
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5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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