SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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208 Chapter 5: Writing Practices containing any of the aforementioned scribal systems for the writing of divine names, have been preserved. Special systems were also used in the manuscripts of Greek Scripture to represent the Tetragrammaton (the use of kuvrio", usually without the article, probably represents a later stage in the development of the translation): 1. The writing of the Tetragrammaton in Hebrew characters (for analyses, see Stegemann, KURIOS; Skehan, “Divine Name”; G. Mercati, “Sulla scrittura del tetragramma nelle antiche versioni greche del Vecchio Testamento,” Bib 22 [1941] 339–66; Roberts, Manuscript, 26–48; L. W. Hurtado, “The Origin of the Nomina Sacra: A Proposal,” JBL 117 [1998] 655–73): a. In the paleo-Hebrew script (with the exception of the second item, all on leather). • Scribes A and B of 8H≥evXIIgr (end of 1 BCE); the Tetragrammaton includes a final letter he. • P.Oxy. 50.3522 of Job 42 (1 CE); the Tetragrammaton includes a final letter he. • P.Oxy. 7.1007 (leather) of Genesis 2–3 (3 CE): Double yod with a horizontal stroke through both letters as part of the letters, also known from Jewish coins of the second century CE (at the same time, this text also has the abbreviated q(eo)v", which would point to a Christian scribe). • P.Vindob. Gr 39777 of Psalms 68, 80 in the version of Symmachus (3–4 CE; leather) published, among others, by G. Mercati, “Frammenti di Aquila o di Simmaco,” RB NS 8 (1911) 266–72. • The Aquila fragments of Kings and Psalms (5–6 CE) published by F. C. Burkitt, Fragments of the Books of Kings According to the Translation of Aquila (Cambridge 1897; the yod and waw are identical); C. Taylor, Hebrew-Greek Cairo Genizah Palimpsests from the Taylor-Schechter Collection (Cambridge 1900). • An ancient testimony to this custom is preserved in Jerome’s Prologus Galeatus (Praef. in Libr. Sam. et Malach.; Migne, PL XXVIII, cols. 594–5): ‘Nomen Domini tetragrammaton in quibusdam Graecis voluminibus usque hodie antiquis expressum litteris invenimus.’ b. In the square script • P.Fouad 266b (848) of Deuteronomy (middle of 1 BCE). The first scribe left spaces indicating where the divine name (either kuvrio" or the Tetragrammaton) was to be filled in (see the text under TABLE 19). The second scribe wrote these Tetragrammata. • pipi: The second column of the Hexapla in the Psalms fragments published by G. Mercati, Psalterii Hexapli reliquiae (Vatican 1958). • pipi in several Hexaplaric manuscripts (Q, 86, 88, 234 margin , 264). • ypyp in the Syriac script in the Syro-Hexapla. For a detailed analysis, see Stegemann, KURIOS. 2. 4QpapLXXLev b of Leviticus 2–5 (1 BCE) transliterated the Tetragrammaton as IAW (preceded and followed by a space) in Lev 3:12; 4:27. 278 This transcription is unique among the witnesses of Greek Scripture. 279 3. The first scribe of P.Oxy. 4.656 of Genesis 14–27 (2 or 3 CE) left spaces for the divine name (the Tetragrammaton?), as in P.Fouad 266b (848; middle of 1 BCE), filled in by a second hand with the unabbreviated form of kuvrio" in 15:8; 24:31, 42. According to Van Haelst, Catalogue, 17, these occurrences of kuvrio" were written with a different pen. The scribe of P.Berlin 17213 of Genesis 19 (3 CE) possibly left a space for kuvrio", which was not filled in, but more likely the space denotes a closed paragraph after Gen 19:18. A special practice for the writing of the divine names was also followed in many manuscripts of SP. In those manuscripts, the last one or two letters were always separated from the remainder of the last word in the line, creating an elegant column structure at the beginning and end of the column. However, when the Tetragrammaton was to occur at the end of the line, hence creating a divided Tetragrammaton (hw hy), many scribes retracted the Tetragrammaton slightly from the left margin, in order to avoid the division of its letters. Examples of such ‘retractive’ manuscripts are provided in Crown, Dated Samaritan MSS, e.g. John Rylands MS 1, New York Public Library 11010. This pertains also to the Sefer Abisha as described by A. D. Crown, “The Abisha Scroll of the Samaritans,” BJRL 58 (1975) 36–65, especially 45. e. Errors 278 See the analysis by F. E. Shaw, The Earliest Non-Mystical Jewish Use of IAW, unpubl. Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati (Cincinnati, Ohio 2002), with much bibliography. 279 The concordance of Hatch–Redpath misleadingly quotes in the list of the personal names such a marginal reading from codex Marchalianus (Q) in Ezek 1:2 and 11:1. This reading, not mentioned in Ziegler’s Göttingen edition, refers in 1:2 to Iwakeim and in 11:1 to whynb represented in this note as oiko" iaw.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 209 Many mistakes were not recognized by the scribes or subsequent users of the ancient scrolls. However, even the recognized errors were not always corrected by either the original or a subsequent scribe, or a user. Some examples of this widespread phenomenon follow: • Several instances of dittography, see § d below. • 1QH a VIII (Suk. = Puech XVIII) 15 twrh ú≥yaz l, with a supralinear nun of instead of twrhnyazbl (p.m.): In the first space, the scribe forgot to write a bet and, strangely enough, instead of the dotted nun a supralinear nun was written. • 1QH a IX (XVII) 8 [ç tçt: The scribe forgot to write an Æayin in the space after the tav; it is unclear whether the dot above the space is ink. • 4QNum b XV 10 ˚wlhm: The scribe started writing a lamed after the mem, but upon recognizing his mistake, he continued writing a he. Nevertheless, the upper part of the lamed was not erased. • 4QTob a ar (4Q196) 2 2 yl p qybç: A single letter p, which was left between spaces, as if it were a separate word, was not erased; possibly a horizontal line was drawn through it. • 4QJub a (4Q216) VII 15 µyrç[w µyçw for µyrç[w µynçw. • 4QJub d (4Q219) II 32: A he was left out in hkywlaw (hkyhwlaw). • 4QCommGen A (4Q252) II 4–5 as recorded in ch. 2h. • 4QD a (4Q266) 5 i 13 ypl l çya: A single lamed, recognized by the scribe as a mistake, was left un-touched in the text. • 11QT a (11Q19): For uncorrected errors, see Yadin, Temple Scroll (Hebrew) I.21. f. Correction procedures and the degree of scribal intervention a. Relation between the correction and the uncorrected text Upon completing the copying, and often while still in the process, scribes frequently intervened in the text; by the same token, correctors and users often inserted their corrections in the text. Attention to the intricacies of the scribal correction process known from the Qumran scrolls helps us in better understanding scribal transmission as well as the rewriting of ancient literature. This intervention is known in four different forms, or combinations thereof: • Removal of a written element by erasing or blotting out, crossing out, marking with cancellation dots or a box around the letters or words (§ c2). • Addition of an element in the interlinear space or, rarely, in the intercolumnar margin (see below). • Remodeling (reshaping) of an existing letter to another one (see below). • Changing the spacing between words either by indicating with scribal signs that the last letter of a word belonged to the following word (beyond the space) or by indicating that there should be a space between two words which had been written as one continuous unit (see § c2.7). The relation between the correction and the uncorrected text differs from case to case: • Corrections of simple scribal errors (e.g. omission or addition of single letters, words, or whole sentences), recognizable when the text without the addition, omission, or remodeling makes little or no sense. For example 1QSam 4 5 (2 Sam 23:12) h k yw = hkyw (MT: ˚yw) 11QPs a XXV 11 (Ps 143:5) lw k b = lwkb (MT: lkb) Partially written words were often dotted or crossed out with a line when the mistake was recognized during the course of the writing (§ 2c).
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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(4) No indication Scribal Practices
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5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
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260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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