SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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150 Chapter 5: Writing Practices However, during the course of the transmission of these translations, the evidence was contaminated. Three typological stages of development (not always evidenced in chronological sequence) with regard to the indication of section divisions are visible in the manuscripts of Greek Scripture (until the fifth century CE). 201 In some cases, however, the evidence is too fragmentary to determine whether the space in a manuscript denoted a verse ending or a new section. Stage 1. Some early witnesses reflect some, most, or all of the section divisions of the Hebrew texts from which the Greek translations were made. Several of these texts reflect early Jewish revisions of the Old Greek (P.Fouad 266a–b of Genesis and Deuteronomy [middle 1 BCE], 8H≥evXIIgr hands A and B [end of 1 BCE]), while others probably reflect more closely the Old Greek translation (4QLXXLev a [2–1 BCE], 4QpapLXXLev b [1 BCE]). In P.Oxy. 4.656 of Genesis 14–27 (2 or 3 CE) these sense divisions occur also in the middle of Masoretic verses. For bibliographical details concerning the papyri listed below, see Aland, Reperto-rium and Van Haelst, Catalogue; for a complete listing of the data, see APPENDIX 5. • 4QLXXLev a of Leviticus 26 (late 2 or early 1 BCE) has a closed section together with a paragraphos sign in frg. 1 21 (after Lev 26:13). • P.Fouad 266a–b (942 and 848) of Genesis and Deuteronomy (middle of 1 BCE) have open and closed sections, accompanied by a paragraphos above the first letter in the following line. While the evidence for the open sections is visible (e.g. after Deut 18:5; 27:26), that for the closed sections is partly reconstructed. • 4QpapLXXLev b of Leviticus 2–5 (1 BCE) has closed sections and paragraphoi in frgs. 27–31 6 (after Lev 5:19) as well as in frg. 32. • 8H≥evXIIgr hands A and B (end of 1 BCE) indicated open and closed sections, usually accompanied by paragraphoi, and often with ekthesis (see below). The system of sense divisions in this scroll is more developed than in MT (40 divisions, partly reconstructed, compared with 21 in MT), and resembles the contemporary Hebrew MurXII (TABLE 12 in E. <strong>Tov</strong>, DJD VIII, 10). • P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther Add. E and ch. 9 (late 1 or early 2 CE) has open sections after 8:12, 13, with paragraphoi and ekthesis. • P.Oxy. 4.656 of Genesis 14–27 (2 or 3 CE) has an open section after 19:38, as well as closed sections after 15:7a, 7, 9a; 20:4a, in all cases with high or median dots. The spaces and median dots in 15:7a, 9a precede direct speech. Stage 2. Several later manuscripts of Greek Scripture, copied by Christian copyists, moved away from the Hebrew manuscript tradition, and consequently reflect fewer content divisions than the original translation, but the spacing systems themselves are more or less identical. • P.Chester Beatty VI (963) of Numbers and Deuteronomy (end of 2 CE or early 3 CE): some open and closed sections. • P.Scheide + P.Chester Beatty IX (967) of Ezekiel (early 3 CE): open and closed sections designated by spaces filled with two small oblique strokes or dots (except for the open section in XL 41 at the separation between chapters 39 and 37, in that sequence). The original scribe probably inserted the signs himself (e.g. XXXIX 11 [before Ezek 20:1]; XLIV 24 [Ezek 21:8]; see Johnson, Scheide, 13). As a rule, these signs reflect the division of MT, with differences regarding the distinction between open and closed sections. Ekthesis is employed at the beginning of some sections (e.g. XLIV 11 [Ezek 21:6]; XLIX 3 [Ezek 22:23]; LV 32 [Ezek 25:1]), but is usually unrelated to these sections. 202 • P.Oxy. 65.4442 of Exodus 20 (early 3 CE): a closed section after 20:21 with dicolon. • P.Chester Beatty X (967) of Daniel (early 3 CE): rarely, e.g. a closed section in Dan 4:34 and an open section after 3:24; 7:24. 201 Data concerning the late manuscripts have been provided in the writings of the so-called Kampen school of ‘delimitation criticism’ as represented by Korpel–de Moor, Structure and Korpel–Oesch, Delimitation Criticism. See especially W. M. de Bruin, “Interpreting Delimiters—The Complexity of Text Delimitation in Four Major Septuagint Manuscripts,” Studies in Scriptural Unit Division (ed. M. C. A. Korpel and J. M. Oesch; Pericope 3; Assen 2002) 66– 89. 202 For an analysis, see J. W. Olley, “Paragraphing in the Greek Text of Ezekiel in Pap 967 —With Particular Reference to the Cologne Portion,” in Studies in Scriptural Unit Division (see n. 201) 202–25.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 151 • P.Oxy. 7.1007 (leather) of Genesis 2–3 (3 CE): a closed section after Gen 1:25. • P.Berlin 17213 of Genesis19 (3 CE): a closed section after 19:18. • P.Rendel Harris 166 of Exodus 22–23 (3 CE): open and closed sections (after 22:26; 23:14a [?], 15). • Pap. W (Freer) of the Minor Prophets (3 CE): closed sections with occasional dicola. • P.Berlin 11778 (BKT 8.17) of Job 33–34 (3 CE): open section + median dot after 33:24. • P.Chester Beatty V (962) of Genesis (second half of 3 CE): closed sections after Gen 34:60, 61; 35:3. • P.Alex. 203 of Isaiah 48 (3–4 CE): empty line after 48:11. • P.Chester Beatty IV (961) of Genesis (4 CE): closed sections with some paragraphoi, after Gen 14:24; 18:23; 20:18; 28:22; 34:21; 35:12; 36:10; 41:52. • P.Genève Gr. 252 of Jeremiah 5–6 (4 CE): an open section after 5:32. Stage 3. Large sense divisions (as opposed to small units similar to verses and half-verses) were not indicated at all in many sources. For details, see the fourth column in the table in APPENDIX 5. While the original Greek practices were probably identical to those of the Hebrew manuscripts, there are many differences in details with regard to the indication of specific section units. These details need to be examined in the aforementioned sources as well as the later manuscripts, since the editions of the LXX are imprecise in this regard. These editions reflect a variety of manuscripts, as demonstrated in detail by Barthélemy, Critique textuelle 1992, cxvii–cxxiv in his critique of the Göttingen editions. 203 For a brief description of the systems used in the uncial manuscripts and editions of the LXX, see R. Devreesse, Introduction à l’étude des manuscrits grecs (Paris 1954) 139–44. For a description of the internal differences between manuscripts A, B, and S in Isaiah, see J. W. Olley, “Texts Have Paragraphs Too: A Plea for Inclusion in Critical Editions,” Textus 19 (1998) 111–25; Korpel–de Moor, Structure. The latter study denotes in detail the differences among the various ancient witnesses in the paragraph structure of Isaiah 40–55 (including the Qumran material), for the LXX on the basis of the uncials A, B, and S. The textual apparatuses of modern critical editions and critical commentaries neither record these data for the ancient versions, nor for the Qumran scrolls, while the latter are recorded in the HUBP edition. While the systems used for the indication of sense divisions in the manuscripts of the Greek versions ultimately go back to Hebrew manuscripts, two additional types of indications were indigenously Greek, viz., paragraphoi and ekthesis. Several Greek manuscripts indicated new sections with paragraphoi in addition to spacing (for details, see column 5 in the table in APPENDIX 5), just like several of the Qumran Hebrew texts. Since these paragraphoi were often indicated by users or later scribes, they do not necessarily reflect the practices of the first transcribers. Some manuscripts denoted new sections with an enlarged initial Greek letter protruding into the margin (ekthesis). For a description of the procedure and parallels in secular Greek literature, see Roberts, Manuscript, 16–18. The number of sources using ekthesis is small, and no pattern, such as frequent occurrence in a certain type of text or period, is detectable: • 8H≥evXIIgr hands A and B (end of 1 BCE) • P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther Add. E and ch. 9 (late 1 or early 2 CE) • P.Scheide + P.Chester Beatty IX (967) of Ezekiel (beginning of 3 CE) rarely, and usually not related to the beginning of new sections • P.Chester Beatty V (962) of Genesis (second half of 3 CE), rarely • P.Oxy. 11.1351 of Leviticus 27 (4 CE; leather) • Codex St. Cath. of Genesis 27–28 (4 CE), protruding as much as 3–4 letter-spaces into the margin • P.Damasc. VII of Canticles 2, 5 (4–5 CE) It is unclear which system was used in the earliest manuscripts of the Peshitta (S), since the oldest known manuscripts did not use any spacing system at all. The break between units was indicated by a combination of 4–5 dots arranged in a diamond shape, without any differentiation between content divisions of a higher or lower rank. 204 203For a different view of these editions, see P. Harlé and D. Pralon, La Bible d’Alexandrie, Le Lévitique (Paris 1988) 16– 24. 204See S. P. Brock, “Text History and Text Division in Peshit≥ta Isaiah,” in The Peshit≥ta: its Early Text and History: Papers Read at the Peshit≥ta Symposium Held at Leiden 30–31 August 1985 (ed. P. B. Dirksen and M. J. Mulder; Leiden/New York 1988) 49–80; P. B. Dirksen and M. J. Mulder, The Peshitta: Its Early Text and History (Leiden
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
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7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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