SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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162 Chapter 5: Writing Practices 5QLam b (only the beginnings of the lines have been preserved; or system 1b) 2QSir (ch. 6; thus the reconstruction in DJD. However, possibly this text was written in system 1b) MasSir (chapters 39–44) In this system of presentation, the first hemistichs started from a straight right margin, usually indicated with a vertical dry line, while the second stichs began at a slightly different point on each line, since the first hemistichs were of a different length. Sometimes, however, an attempt was made to start also the second stich with a straight right margin (MasSir II–V). This bi-columnar arrangement is also represented in the Masoretic manuscripts of Deuteronomy 32 (see below) and SP in Exodus 15, the Balaam oracles in Numbers 23 and 24, and Deuteronomy 32. If the preserved evidence of the scrolls from the Judean Desert does not mislead us, this system of presentation was the most frequently used when these scrolls were written. It is based on the principle of the parallelismus membrorum, with the two parallel stichs written next to each other, separated by a space. However, also when three-stich units do not reflect a parallel structure, the three stichs are nevertheless presented in a two-stich system in one-and-a-half lines (thus Ps 81:6, 8, 11 in MasPs a ). One notes that the stichographic arrangement of MasPs a II 22–24 (Ps 83:9-11) goes against the meaning of the stichs themselves (cf. Talmon, Masada VI, 85). This group contains three copies of the acrostic Psalm 119 in which each line starts with the determining letter of the alphabet. (2b) Two stichs per line with spaces between the stichs and hemistichs ------------- --------------- ------------------ ------------------- ytrma lfk lzt yjql rfmk πr[y yp yrma ≈rah [mçtw hrbdaw µymçh wnyzah 1QDeut b (Deuteronomy 32; the other chapters are in prose) In the following manuscript, no information regarding the spacing is available: 4QPs w (Psalm 112; no other Psalms preserved) (3) Hemistichs or clusters of 2–3 words separated by spaces (illustr. 5a) Unlike in the first two systems, the spaces occur at different places in the line, in two different patterns. 4QRP c (4Q365) 6b 1–4 (Exodus 15) MasPs b II 16–23 [----------- ------------ ---------- ----------- -----]--- [---------- ---------------- ---]-------------- ----------- [---- ---------------- ----------]------- ------------------ [--------------------------------] --------------- ----------- ----- ------------- [ ]---- ---------- [ ] ------------- [ ]--------- [ vacat ]----- ----- ------------- [ ]---- ---------- ------------- ----- 4QProv b (chapters 9, 13–15; hemistichs) MasPs b (Psalms 147, 150; hemistichs) 4QRP c (4Q365) 6b 1–4 (Exodus 15, including the verse after the Song, Exod 15:19 and also a poetical unit not contained in the biblical text, probably the Song of Miriam; illustr. 5a) The stichographic layout of the writing was probably imbedded in the earliest biblical scrolls (thus already Oesch, Petucha und Setuma, 343, 364), as in the case of the division into section
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 163 units. Supposedly this layout, in different systems, was inserted by the first scribes of these texts, and it reflected the intentions of the original authors. This assumption is partially based on parallels. Thus the scribal tradition of Aramaic texts of the fifth century BCE already shows a division into sense units, though in a different way (cf. § a). The oldest document in Hebrew or Aramaic showing a division into stichs is probably the four-line Carpentras funerary inscription in Aramaic from the fifth-fourth century BCE, containing lines of two hemistichs each without intervening spacing. 215 For much earlier evidence of stichographic notations, see the so-called vertical ‘verse-divider’ mark or other arrangements in Akkadian texts, 216 the ‘verse-points’ in Egyptian, 217 and infrequently occurring ‘ruled’ lines marking the natural divisions of the text in Ugaritic literature. 218 The oldest Qumran composition reflecting stichographic writing is probably 4QpaleoJob c dating to 225–150 BCE. The texts from the Judean Desert, in common with instructions in rabbinic literature and the evidence of the medieval Masoretic manuscripts, have certain texts written in a special layout, but display several differences in detail as well as in conception. In general terms, the medieval Masoretic manuscripts follow the prescriptions of rabbinic literature, but these prescriptions leave room for several interpretations, and the manuscripts vary accordingly. The layouts described in rabbinic texts are based on the fixed arrangement of inscribed and uninscribed segments, and run parallel to system 2a of the Qumran scrolls, and possibly also to system 3. The descriptions in the rabbinic sources refer explicitly to the lists of the kings of Canaan (Josh 12:9-24) and of the sons of Haman (Esth 9:6-9) and three Songs (Exod 15:1-18, Deuteronomy 32, and Judg 5:2-30) in the prose books of the Bible, but not to the Psalms. One method used in Masoretic manuscripts was ‘a half-brick, jyra, over a half-brick and a whole brick, hnbl, over a whole brick,’ i.e., an inscribed section above another inscribed part in the following line, with an uninscribed part appearing above an uninscribed section in the following line (our explanation of what constitutes a half-brick and a brick follows Rashi in b. Meg. 16b). According to b. Meg. 16b and Sof. 13.3, the lists of the kings of Canaan (Josh 12:9-24) and of the sons of Haman (Esth 9:6-9) are written in this way, while Sof. 1.11 (cf. 12.9) includes Deuteronomy 32 in this layout. Accordingly, Deuteronomy 32, 219 but also 1 Samuel 2 and 22 (see Sof. 13.1), Qoh 3:2-8, and several additional texts are thus written in some Masoretic manuscripts. Deuteronomy 32, as well as several other units, are written in this fashion in some Qumran manuscripts (4QpaleoDeut r ; system 2a above). The layout of 2 Samuel 22 differs from the more or less identical text of Psalm 18, both in graphic arrangement and in small details (e.g. codex L). Another system of stichographic arrangement in MT is ‘a half-brick over a whole brick and a whole brick over a half-brick,’ i.e., an inscribed part placed over an uninscribed section in the following line and vice versa. This system was represented in two different ways for the first verses of the Song at the Sea: ---- ------------------------- ------ ------------------------- --------------------- ------ --------------- ------ or ------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------- --------------------- According to b. Meg. 16b (see also b. Menah≥. 31b; b. Shabb. 103b; y. Meg. 3.74b; Sof. 1.11), this system was used for ‘all the Songs’ contained in non-poetical books, e.g. the Song at the Sea (Exod 15:1-18) and the Song 215 See KAI, 269 and Table XXXIV; J. C. L. Gibson, Textbook of Syriac Semitic Inscriptions. Aramaic Inscriptions (Oxford 1975) II.120–22. 216 See Driver, Semitic Writing, 43–5; M. W. Green, “The Construction and Implementation of the Cuneiform Writing System,” Visible Language 15, 4 (1981) 345–72; A. Robertson, Word Dividers. 217 See H. Grapow, Sprachliche und schrifliche Formung ägyptischer Texte (LÄS 7; Glückstadt 1936) I.37–54; G. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie (Osnabrück 1965) I.6–8; II.1–6; III.1–5. 218 See Gordon, Ugaritic Textbook, 23–5; W. J. Horowitz, “A Study of Ugaritic Scribal Practices,” UF 5 (1973) 165–73; idem, The Ugaritic Scribe (UF 11; Kevelaer 1979) 389–94. 219 For the fixed writing of the stichs of this unit and the number of lines according to tradition, see the detailed analysis of codex A by M. H. Goshen-Gottstein, “The Authenticity of the Aleppo Codex,” Textus 1 (1960) 17–58; Breuer, “Biblical Verses” (n. 188). For an analysis of the different Masoretic writing systems of this Song, see P. Sanders, The Provenance of Deuteronomy 32 (OTS 37; Leiden 1996) 102–11.
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
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7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
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260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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