SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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240 Chapter 7: Special Scribal Characteristics According to Talmudic sources, the sacred character of the text allows for only a minimal number of corrections. The opinions quoted in b. Menah≥. 29b and y. Meg. 1.71c allow for two or three corrections per column (but not four), while the opinions in Sof. 3.10 allow for one to three corrections. According to these opinions, scrolls containing a greater number of corrections in a single column could not be used by the public, but according to b. Menah≥. 29b there is a certain leniency with regard to superfluous letters which were less disturbing when erased or deleted than were added letters. According to these criteria, many of the Qumran biblical scrolls would not have passed the scrutiny of the rabbis, as is evident from a comparison of the average number of corrections with the number of lines per column (ch. 4, TABLE 15). Thus, with an average of one correction to every four lines, 1QIsa a (28–32 lines per column) would not be acceptable, nor would 4QJer a (30–32 lines [one correction in every 4 lines]), 4QIsa a (35 lines [every 7 lines]), 4QIsa b (45 lines [every 13 lines]). b. Texts written in the paleo-Hebrew script (illustr. 14) 14 Texts written in the square and paleo-Hebrew scripts (for the background, see ch. 6b) share many scribal features since they reflect the same Hebrew writing tradition. • The writing in scrolls, consisting of sheets of leather, and in columns. • Most texts were ruled horizontally (indicating lines) and vertically (indicating the beginnings and usually also the ends of columns). • The written text is suspended from horizontal lines. • Sense units were separated from one another by open and closed sections. • A special layout of the text in poetical units pertains to texts written in square characters as well as to 4QpaleoDeut r (Deuteronomy 32) and probably 4QpaleoJob c . • Words were separated from one another, albeit in different ways. • Biblical texts belonging to the Masoretic family also to the so-called pre-Samaritan group were written in both scripts (APPENDIX 8). At the same time, the texts written in the two scripts display several different scribal features. Some differences are inherent in the writing traditions of these scripts, and therefore cause no surprise: • The non-distinction between medial and final letters in the texts written in the paleo-Hebrew script as opposed to their distinction in the square script. • The splitting of a word in the paleo-Hebrew script at the end of a line with its continuation in the following line was customary in texts written in that script (as well as in ancient Greek texts and some Ugaritic texts), 312 but not in the Samaritan script, that was based on the paleo-Hebrew script. The two groups also differ from one another in scribal features that are not connected to the writing in these particular scripts: • While words were separated by spacing in the texts written in the square script, in the Judean Desert texts written in the paleo-Hebrew script most words were separated by dots, or, less frequently, by strokes or triangles. See ch. 5a1. • No scribal marks of any kind, such as those inserted either in the margins or between the lines in the texts written in the square script, are known from the texts written in the paleo- Hebrew script. This pertains to the signs indicating new sections, various types of marginal notes indicating remarkable details, and line-fillers (ch. 5c1–4). • In 4QpaleoExod m and 11QpaleoLev a , but not in other paleo-Hebrew texts, large waws were written in the spaces between the sections, when the first word of the next section would have started with this letter (for an analysis, see ch. 5c1). This pheno-menon is not known from texts 312 Cf. i.a., the Mesha inscription, the Lakhish ostraca and see M. Lidzbarski, Handbuch der Nordsemitischen Epigra-phik nebst ausgewählten Inschriften (Weimar 1898) 126–7. For Greek texts, see Turner, Greek Manuscripts, 17. In Ugaritic texts, words usually end at the ends of lines, but in some texts they are spread over two lines; see S. Segert, “Words Spread over Two Lines,” UF 19 (1987) 283–8.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 241 written in the square script, but it is paralleled by the single occurrence of such a waw in the square script in 4QNum b XXI 28 in Num 27:22 (cf. ch. 5c1). • The use of cancellation dots/strokes for the correction of mistakes, known from texts written in the square script (ch. 5c2) and Greek texts (Turner, Greek Manuscripts, index), is not known from texts written in the paleo-Hebrew script. • Whereas all texts written in the square script, including the carefully transmitted texts of the Masoretic family, show scribal intervention in differing degrees (see ch. 5f and col. 11 in APPENDIX 8), the texts written in the paleo-Hebrew script show virtually no scribal intervention, neither by the original scribes nor by subsequent scribes or users, with the exception of a few instances. See § 1a above. 1QpaleoLev: One correction (frg. 3–4 5) in 33 lines. 4QpaleoExod m : An average of one correction in every 197 lines (corrections in XVII 30, 33, and a supralinear correction in 10 ii 2). 4QpaleoGen-Exod l : An average of one correction in every 105 lines (a linear correction in 24–29 12; a supralinear correction in 10 ii 2). 4QpaleoDeut r : No corrections in 114 lines. 11QpaleoLev a : An average of one correction in every 66 lines (erasures in E 3 and VI 6). • No patches inscribed in the square script are known, while the only such patch was attached to a text written in the paleo-Hebrew script (4QpaleoExod m ). See ch. 4 i. • The extant fragments of paleo-Hebrew texts display no indentations, such as found in several texts written in the square script (ch. 5a2). 313 • As a result of the splitting of words between two lines in the paleo-Hebrew texts, almost straight left margins could be obtained (e.g. 4QpaleoExod m I, VI, IX and all columns of 11QpaleoLev a ). See ch. 4f. The various paleo-Hebrew texts reflect a common scribal approach with some idiosyncrasies. • In only two paleo-Hebrew texts (4QpaleoExod m and 11QpaleoLev a ) were large paleo- Hebrew waws written in the spaces between the sections, when the first word of the following section would have started with this letter. • 4QpaleoDeut r is the only paleo-Hebrew text using spacing instead of dots as word-dividers. See above. • In three paleo-Hebrew texts, little oblique strokes or apostrophes were written at the ends of sheets for the drawing of straight lines (2QpaleoLev; 4QpaleoExod m ; an unidentified fragment on photograph PAM 43.694), but not in 4QpaleoGen-Exod l and 11QpaleoLev a . Cf. ch. 4a. • Most paleo-Hebrew texts divide the text into sections, separated by spacing at the end of the section after the last word in the line, and subdivided by smaller spaces in the middle of the line. In addition, 4QpaleoGen-Exod l employed an even larger division with a space extending from the last word to the end of the line and including all the following line. See ch. 5a3. • As in texts written in the square script, most paleo-Hebrew texts use spacing in the middle of the line for the indication of closed sections (see 1QpaleoLev, 4QpaleoGen-Exod l , 4QpaleoExod m , 4QpaleoDeut r for clear evidence). On the other hand, the well-preserved 11QpaleoLev a does not use this device. • 2QpaleoLev is the only text in which word-dividers were also inserted at the ends of lines. • The same text is the only source in which both word-dividers and guide dots appear at the ends of lines. That the writing in two different scripts represents different scribal schools is a likely, but still unproven, assumption. There is no reason to assume that the Qumranites themselves wrote 313 One such indentation was reconstructed by J. E. Sanderson in 4QpaleoExod m IX 30–31 (Exod 12:20-21) but, due to the lack of parallels, this reconstruction is unlikely.
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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