SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

Recommendations

Info

20 Chapter 2: Scribes in several documents (TABLE 1), but the background of these changes is often not evident. In one case, each scribe wrote half of the scroll (1QIsa a ), while in other cases one of the scribes wrote very little (1QpHab scribe B, 1QH a scribes B–C, 1QS scribe B, 11QT a [11Q19] scribe A), which seems to imply that the involvement of more than one scribe was not planned from the outset. In the case of 11QT a (11Q19), the first sheet may have been a repair sheet (see TABLE 1 and p. 125 below). In any event, the writing of a scroll by more than one scribe is not necessarily connected to the practice known as bisection (the writing of a composition in more than one scroll), for which see ch. 4c. TABLE 1: Changes of Hands in Qumran Manuscripts • 1QIsa a : Scribe A left three lines empty at the end of the last sheet written by him (at the end of col. XXVII). Scribe B started at the beginning of the next sheet with col. XXVIII (Isa 34:1–36:2; illustr. 6). 36 It is unlikely that the two scribes worked concurrently, since a calculation of the number of columns and sheets needed for the first scribe’s assignment could not be easily made. This is also the main argument against the assumption that a single scribe copied the two sections of the scroll from different Vorlagen. The assumption of different scribes was accepted by several scholars, while others maintained that the two segments of that scroll were written by the same scribe. 37 However, the assumption of different scribes seems to be defensible not only at the paleographical level, but also at other levels. Scribe B inserted fewer corrections in guttural letters than scribe A (Giese, “Further Evidence”), used different scribal marks (unless some of them were inserted by later readers), and left out more sections than scribe A, which were filled in subsequently by himself or a different hand, in small letters, between the lines and in the margin: cols. XXVIII 18 (Isa 34:17b–35:2); XXX 11–12 (Isa 37:4b-7); XXXII 14 (Isa 38:21); XXXIII 7 (Isa 40:7); XXXIII 15– 16 (Isa 40:14a-16; illustr. 1). Scribe B also adopted a fuller orthography than scribe A. Note, for example, the preponderance of the short form of the second person singular masculine suffix in the first part of the scroll as against the longer form (hk–) in the second part, as described in detail by M. Martin, “The Use of the Second Person Singular Suffixes in 1QIs a ,” Le Muséon 70 (1957) 127–44. Furthermore, scribe B consistently wrote ayk plene, but scribe A did so only in 20 percent of the instances. Scribe A consistently wrote hk defectively, while scribe B wrote hwk. These differences are also felt in morphology: Scribe A consistently used the forms awh and ayh, while scribe B used the longer hawh and hayh. Scribe A employed forms of the type q e t≥altem, while scribe B used q e t≥altemah. For further examples, see Cook, “Dichotomy” (see n. 36). • 1QpHab: Towards the end of the composition, in the middle of col. XII 13, scribe B started to write using larger characters, limiting his activity to the end of that column and the four lines of the next column, until the end of the composition (illustr. 3). See Martin, Scribal Hands, I.78–81. • 1QH a : The transitions from one scribe to another in this scroll are clearly visible in col. XI in Sukenik’s edition where a first scribe copied the text to the middle of line 22, a second one took over for a very short stretch of text (lines 23–26), and a third one copied lines 27–35 and at least col. XII (illustr. 7). However, the exact division between the three scribes is not clearly visible in Sukenik’s edition, since the fragments and columns are arranged in the wrong order. An alternative fragment order was indicated by Martin, Scribal Hands, I.59–64 and perfected by Puech, “Quelques aspects.” In the new arrangement, scribe A copied the text until (the new) col. XIX 22, scribe B copied lines 23–26 of that column, and scribe C penned the remainder of the column (lines 27–35) and those following. The letters at the end of col. XI (Suk. = Puech XIX) and in col. XII (Suk. = Puech XX) are larger, different, and less regular than the hand in the first part of that column. The division between the two hands is clearly visible in the spelling systems, as scribe C adopted a fuller orthography than scribe A. Scribe A wrote al almost exclusively without waw, while scribe C wrote the same word almost exclusively plene. Scribe A preferred yk, while scribe C preferred the plene spelling ayk. By the same token, scribe A wrote almost exclusively the pronominal suffix of the 36 For an analysis of the features of the two scribal hands of Isaiah, see M. Noth, “Eine Bemerkung zur Jesajarolle vom Toten Meer,” VT 1 (1951) 224–6; Kuhl, “Schreibereigentümlichkeiten,” especially 332–3; W. H. Brownlee, “The Literary Significance of the Bisection of Isaiah in the Ancient Scroll of Isaiah from Qumran,” Proceedings of the 25th Congress of Orientalists (Moscow 1962–63) 431–7; K. H. Richards, “A Note on the Bisection of Isaiah,” RevQ 5 (1965) 257–8; Giese, “Further Evidence”; J. Cook, “The Dichotomy of 1QIsa a ,” in Intertestamental Essays in Honour of Józef Tadeusz Milik (ed. Z. J. Kapera; Qumranica Mogilanensia 6; Kraków 1992) I.7–24; M. Abegg, “1QIsa a and 1QIsa b : A Rematch,” in Herbert–<strong>Tov</strong>, The Bible as Book, 221–8 (statistics of different orthographic systems); Pulikottil, Transmission, 18–20. 37 Martin, Scribal Character, I.65–73; Kutscher, Language, 564–6; J Cook, “Orthographical Peculiarities in the Dead Sea Biblical Scrolls,” RevQ 14 (1989) 293–305, especially 303–4.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 21 second person masculine singular as –k (except for his last two columns), while scribe C used plene forms, e.g. hkklm, mlkkh, etc. • 1QS VII 1: In the running text, wl rça rbd lwkl wa was written by scribe B, followed by a five-letter word, now erased, while the cancellation dots above and below were left. In line 21 scribe B likewise wrote several words in the running text. The work of scribes A and B in 1QS VII–VIII was described in detail by Martin, Scribal Hands, I.43– 56 and Metso, Community Rule, 95–105. According to Martin, I.55–56, this cooperation continued in 1QSa–1QSb. • 4QTanh≥ (4Q176): For the details regarding the distinction between the two hands, see Strugnell, “Notes,” 229 and pl. II. • 4QJuba (4Q216): The change of hands between scribes A and B is clearly visible in frg. 12 which forms the dividing line between the segments written by the two scribes. This fragment consists of the last column of a sheet written by scribe A and the first column of a sheet by scribe B, stitched together by a thread. According to J. VanderKam and J. T. Milik, who published this text in DJD XIII, the beginning of the scroll written by scribe A represents a repair sheet, but it seems equally possible that the scroll was written by two different scribes. • 4QCommunal Confession (4Q393): Frgs. 1–2 i–ii are composed of segments of two sheets sewn together, although they are of a different nature: the handwriting on the two sheets differs as does the number of lines (the right hand sheet has one line more than the left hand sheet). The relation between the content of the two sheets is unclear. • 4QApocryphal Psalm and Prayer (4Q448); illustr. 11): 11 This small document was written by scribes A (col. I) and B (cols. II and III). • 11QTa (11Q19): This scroll was written by scribes A (cols. I–V) and B (cols. VI–LXVII). Yadin, Temple Scroll, I.11–12 believes that sheet 1 (cols. I–V) was a repair sheet replacing the original sheet (ch. 4i). Scribe A left excessively large spaces between the words. • 8H≥evXIIgr: Scribe B started in the middle of Zechariah. For a description of the differences between the two hands relating to material, letters, and scribal practices, see <strong>Tov</strong>, DJD VIII, 13. Whether in these cases the change of hands indicates a collaboration of some kind between scribes, possibly within the framework of a scribal school (cf. ch. 8a), is difficult to ascertain. Sometimes (4QJub a [4Q216]) the second hand may reflect a corrective passage or a repair sheet. The situation becomes even more difficult to understand when the hand of a scribe B or C is recognized not only in independently written segments, but also in the corrections of the work of a scribe A. Thus, according to Martin, Scribal Character, I.63, scribe C of 1QH a corrected the work of scribe A, while scribe B corrected that of both scribes A and C. When scribes recorded their own names, as in several of the documentary texts, identity can easily be established. Thus Matat son of Simeon, who wrote XH≥ev/Se 13, also wrote 5/6H≥ev 47b and XH≥ev/Se 7 (A. Yardeni, DJD XXVII, 65). However, this procedure reflects the exception rather than the rule, and in literary texts no names were indicated. It is difficult to identify scribal hands by an analysis of handwriting and other scribal features, partly because of the formal character of the handwriting of many texts. However, if this uncertainty is taken into consideration, one notes that among the Qumran manuscripts very few individual scribes can be identified as having copied more than one manuscript. It stands to reason that several of the preserved manuscripts were written by the same scribe, but we are not able easily to detect such links between individual manuscripts, partly because of the fragmentary status of the evidence and partly because of the often formal character of the handwriting. For possible identifications, see TABLE 2. Further research may lead to more scribal identifications than are known today. In the meantime we are unable to perform comparative studies of scrolls written by the same scribe, such as that carried out by W. A. Johnson (The Literary Papyrus Roll) for the Oxyrhynchus Greek papyri from the second to fourth century CE. TABLE 2: Scribes of Qumran Manuscripts Writing More Than One Manuscript? • One individual apparently copied the nonbiblical texts 1QS, 1QSa, 1QSb, and the biblical text 4QSam c , and his hand is also visible in several corrections in another biblical text, 1QIsa a (Ulrich, “4QSam c ” and Tigchelaar, “The Scribe of 1QS”). In addition, 1QS (to the right of V 1, VII bottom margin, and IX 3) and 1QIsa a (VI 22 in the margin to the right of Isa 7:8) share three unusual marginal signs that were probably inserted by this scribe (ch. 5c4), although they could also have been inserted by a reader. Indeed, AMS analysis yielded similar dates for 4QSam c and
Page 1: SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
Page 5 and 6: DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
Page 7 and 8: Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
Page 9: Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
Page 12 and 13: xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
Page 14 and 15: xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
Page 16 and 17: REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
Page 18 and 19: xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
Page 20 and 21: xx Preface This book contains thous
Page 23 and 24: 1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
Page 25 and 26: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 29 and 30: Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
Page 41: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 51 and 52: 3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
Page 75 and 76: 4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
Page 93 and 94:
Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
(4) No indication Scribal Practices
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267:
Page 270 and 271:
248 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
Page 272 and 273:
250 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
Page 274 and 275:
252 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions L
Page 276 and 277:
254 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
Page 278 and 279:
256 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
Page 280 and 281:
258 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions h
Page 282 and 283:
260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
Page 284 and 285:
262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
Page 286 and 287:
264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
Page 288 and 289:
266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
Page 290 and 291:
268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
Page 292 and 293:
270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
Page 294 and 295:
272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
Page 297 and 298:
APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
Page 305 and 306:
APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
Page 311 and 312:
CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
Page 313 and 314:
P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
Page 315 and 316:
P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325:
show all

SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?