SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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154 Chapter 5: Writing Practices g. A completely blank line separates the new Psalm from the previous one which terminates at the end of a line or toward the end of that line (illustr. 5a). or xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx This system is used in 4QPs a (before Psalms 6, 35, 54, 63); 4QPs b (before Psalms 103 [XXII 9] and 118 [XXXIV 6]; 11QPs a (before Psalms 135 [XIV 7], 145 [XVI 7], 151A [XXVIII 3]); 11QPs b (before Psalm 78 [1 3]); MasPs a (before Psalms 82–85; illustr. 5a); 5/6H≥evPs (before Psalms 8, 10, 11, 13, 17, 24). See further: 1QH a V (Suk. = Puech XIII) 21; IX (XVII) 37; 4QNon-Canonical Psalms A (4Q380) 1 ii 7; 4QNon-Canonical Psalms B (4Q381) 33 6–7 (see the discussion of E. Schuller, DJD XI, 88). d. A closed section in the middle of the line. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx This system is used only in 4QPs a (before Psalm 71); 4QPs c (before Psalm 28); 4QPs e (before Psalm 126); 4QPs q (before Psalm 33); 11QPs a (before Psalm 138 [XXI 1] and the Apostrophe to Zion [XXII 1]). It is not impossible that this system reflects a content division of a lower hierarchy than those preceding. The above analysis shows that Psalm scrolls often use several systems for separating between Psalms: 4QPs a (systems a, g, d) 4QPs c (systems a, b, d) 4QPs d (systems a, b) 4QPs e (systems a, d) 1QH a (systems a, b, g) 11QPs a (systems a, b, g, d) 11QPs b (systems b, g) 4QNon-Canonical Psalms B (4Q381; systems a, g) Stanzas are rarely indicated in the Psalters. In Psalm 119, 4QPsg (illustr. 17a) 17 and 11QPsa insert a blank line after each eight-line stanza, while 1QPsa and 5QPs do not leave such extra lines, and in 4QPsh (illustr. 19) 19 a paragraphos sign is used (frgs. 1–2 16, after Ps 119:16). Probably similar divisions were already indicated in the earliest Psalter scrolls. If these early scrolls contained section divisions (thus § 3h), they probably also somehow separated between individual Psalms. (5) Division between books in biblical manuscripts In scrolls containing more than one biblical book, spaces were left between successive books. 207 Torah In scrolls containing more than one book of the Torah, all but the first books usually started in the middle of a column after several blank lines, as is evident from 4QGen-Exod a , 4Q[Gen- ]Exod b , 4QpaleoGen-Exod l , and 4QRP c (4Q365). Irrelevant are 4QLev c , which commences at the
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 155 top of a column and 11QpaleoLev a ending in the middle of a column, and not followed by Numbers; both scrolls probably contained a single biblical book only. 208 4QGen-Exod a : In this scroll (MT), Exodus begins more than halfway down the column. Spacing between the books or joined Genesis–Exodus fragments have not been preserved. 4QpaleoGen-Exod l : three blank lines were left in the middle of the column between what appears to be the last line of Genesis and the beginning of Exodus in this scroll (MT), preceded by at least one sheet of written text. 4Q[Gen-]Exod b : In this scroll (probably independent character), Exodus starts in the middle of a column, preceded by at least two blank lines and probably also by Genesis. 4QRP c (4Q365): the first verse of Numbers is preceded by what is probably a paraphrastic version of the last verse of Leviticus (26, a–b), followed by an empty line. This is not a biblical manuscript. Minor Prophets 4QXII b 3 5: one line is left between Zephaniah and Haggai. 4QXII g 70–75: one-and-a-half lines were left between Amos and Obadiah, and in frgs. 76–81 there is at least one line before Jonah. MurXII: a space of three lines was left between various books as evidenced by the transition between Jonah and Micah, Micah and Nahum, and Zephaniah and Haggai (DJD III, 182, 192, 197, 200, 202, 205 and pls. LXI, LXVI, LXIX, LXXI, LXXII). Five Scrolls While most Qumran copies of the Five Scrolls were probably contained in separate scrolls, indirect evidence indicates that 4QLam may have contained all five Megillot or at least one additional book beyond Lamentations; see ch. 4, TABLE 10. Some scrolls are more in agreement with the instructions in rabbinic literature than others, but it should be remembered that most scrolls found in the Judean Desert did not derive from the circles that later were to formulate rabbinic literature. See b. B. Bat. 13b: ˆyfyç ‘g rç[ µynç lç aybnbw aybnl aybn lk ˆyb ˆkw ˆyfyç h[bra hrwt lç çmwjl çmwj ˆyb Between each book of the Torah there should be left a space of four lines, and so between one Prophet and the next. In the Twelve Minor Prophets, however, the space should only be three lines. For similar statements, see Sof. 2.4. A slightly different instruction is given in y. Meg. 1.71d: rwsa rç[ µynç lç aybnbw wçarb lyjtmw wpwsb rmwg aybnbw wty[xmab lyjtmw πdh [xmab rmwg ahyç ˚yrxw one has to finish in the middle of a page and to commence in the middle of the page. In the Prophets one finishes at the end and begins at the top of a page, but in the Dodekapropheton this is forbidden. The following differences between the Judean Desert scrolls and the rabbinic instructions are noticeable: In 4QpaleoGen-Exod l , three lines are left as opposed to the four lines prescribed by b. B. Bat. 13b. Between the books in 4QXII b and 4QXII b less space is left than prescribed by b. B. Bat. 13b for the Minor Prophets (three lines). On the other hand, these instructions are exactly followed in MurXII. In 8H≥evXIIgr (end of 1 BCE), an early Jewish revision of Greek Scripture, six lines were left in the middle of the column between Jonah and Micah (cf. DJD VIII, 33 and pl. IV). Manuscripts of SP often ended biblical books one-third of the way down a column, leaving two-thirds empty before the start of the next book or at the end of the manuscript. This practice sometimes implied excessive spacing in the first lines of a column in order to reach that point, such as, e.g. in the MS Jew. Nat. and Univ. Libr. Sam. 2°2, Cambr. Add. MS 1846, Topkapi Mus G i 101 (Crown, Dated Samaritan MSS). b. Special layout and superscriptions of poetical units 208 According to Milik, Enoch, 143, the scribes of 4QEn a ar (4Q201) and other Qumran texts left half-blank pages in the first column for easy handling. This is not confirmed, however, for 4QEn a ar, where such spacing is not evidenced, while the list of the ‘other texts’ has not been supplied. Examples such as those listed here (books that form part of a multibook composition) would not be valid examples for this description. See ch. 4g above.
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
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7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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