SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

Recommendations

Info

222 Chapter 5: Writing Practices interpolations, however, do not necessarily prove the scribal habit of adding interlinear or marginal interpolations at an earlier stage of the textual transmission. Possibly such interpolations were added directly into the running text in the course of its transmission. One of the difficulties in assuming marginal glosses and interpolations in biblical texts lies in the lack of convincing evidence in the ancient sources. For, while in classical and Mesopotamian texts we can actually point to the physical existence in manuscripts of various types of added elements, only limited evidence is available for biblical texts, for which many glosses and interpolations have been reconstructed. i. Abbreviations Abbreviations of partial or complete words are not evidenced in the Judean Desert texts. On the other hand, many numbers were represented by number signs in various texts (§ c9 above). See further: 4QpapRitPur B (4Q512) 33–35 (col. IV) 3 a çd[j ça]rw, translated by the editor as ‘and the be[ginning of] the 1 st [month]’; cf. also ibid., 51–55 ii 9.
6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) script In different periods, Hebrew texts were written in different scripts, at first in the ‘early’ Hebrew script and later in the square script, which developed from the Aramaic script. The late books of Scripture as well as the nonbiblical Qumran texts probably were written directly in this script. No early fragments of the biblical text written in the Hebrew script have been preserved, unless one considers the silver rolls from Ketef Hinnom (<strong>Tov</strong>, TCHB, 118) as biblical texts, while Qumran yielded various texts written in a later version of this script, now named paleo-Hebrew and evidenced in fragments from the late third century BCE to the middle of the first century CE. The various changes occurring in the script in which the Hebrew language was written (Naveh, Alphabet, 112–24), also occurred in the writing of Scripture. At some stage during the Second Temple period, a gradual transition occurred from the Hebrew to the Aramaic script, from which a script developed which is exclusive to the Jews and which could thus be called the ‘Jewish script’ (thus many scholars) or the square script (according to the form of the letters); in rabbinic literature (e.g. b. Sanh. 21b), it is sometimes called the ‘Assyrian script’ (tyrwça btk) due to the fact that its ancestor, the Aramaic script, was in use in the Assyrian Empire. The date attributed by tradition to the use of the square script for the writing of the biblical books (period of Ezra) appears possible but lacks external confirmation. In this context, Naveh, Alphabet, 234–5 speaks of a somewhat later date, namely, the third century BCE. One should note that after the introduction of the square script, the ancient Hebrew script did not go out of use. See the material collected by Naveh, Alphabet, 119–24. In any event, all texts written in the square script necessarily reflect a relatively late stage of writing. In the period covered by the Judean Desert texts, scribes wrote in a variety of forms of the Aramaic and square scripts, on the basis of which documents are often dated. In fact, since most documents do not provide their own dates, external sources are often invoked, especially coins and inscriptions which are dated. For example, according to Cross, “Development,” the Qumran texts written in the square script can be divided into three main periods, 250–150 BCE (‘archaic’ script), 150–30 BCE (Hasmonean script), 30 BCE–70 CE (Herodian script). For the relevance of dating based on AMS examinations, see ch. 1c. Different writing styles have been recognized, and as a rule, Scripture texts and other authoritative compositions (note the copies of 11QT [11Q19, 11Q20]) were written in formal handwriting, but there are many exceptions. Several authoritative writings have also been written in a cursive script, as noticed, for example, by Alexander, “Literacy,” 15: ‘Both cursive and formal styles are used for the literary text par excellence—the Community Rule.’ The relation between content and writing style needs to be investigated further. 293 Background information: N. Avigad, “The Palaeography of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Documents,” ScrHier 4 (1958) 56–87; Cross, “Development”; idem, “Palaeography and the Dead Sea Scrolls,” in Flint–VanderKam, Fifty Years, 379–402; idem, “Paleography,” Encyclopedia DSS, 2.629–634; J. Naveh, “The Development of the Aramaic Script,” Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, V, 1 (Jerusalem 1970) 1–69; idem, “Hebrew Texts in the Aramaic Script in the Persian Period?” BASOR 203 (1971) 27–32; idem, Alphabet; idem, On Sherd and Papyrus: Aramaic and Hebrew Inscriptions from the Second Temple, Mishnaic and Talmudic Periods (Heb.; Jerusalem 1992); A. Yardeni, The Book of Hebrew Script (Heb.; Jerusalem 1991).
Page 1:
SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
Page 5 and 6:
DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
Page 7 and 8:
Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
Page 9:
Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
Page 12 and 13:
xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
Page 14 and 15:
xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
Page 16 and 17:
REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
Page 18 and 19:
xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
Page 20 and 21:
xx Preface This book contains thous
Page 23 and 24:
1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
Page 25 and 26:
Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
(4) No indication Scribal Practices
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 243: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 257 and 258: 7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
Page 267: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 270 and 271: 248 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
Page 272 and 273: 250 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
Page 274 and 275: 252 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions L
Page 276 and 277: 254 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
Page 278 and 279: 256 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
Page 280 and 281: 258 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions h
Page 282 and 283: 260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
Page 284 and 285: 262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
Page 286 and 287: 264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
Page 288 and 289: 266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
Page 290 and 291: 268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
Page 292 and 293: 270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
Page 294 and 295:
272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
Page 297 and 298:
APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
Page 305 and 306:
APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
Page 311 and 312:
CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
Page 313 and 314:
P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
Page 315 and 316:
P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325:
show all

SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?