SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

Recommendations

Info

218 Chapter 5: Writing Practices did use such forms and 4QJer a used most of the final letters except for the final s≥ade. 284 According to Yardeni, only in the Herodian period did the use of the final letters become established. 285 The differences between the various scribes of the large texts from cave 1, including sections within scrolls, were described by Martin, Scribal Hands, I.90–96. This as yet unregulated use of final and nonfinal forms is reflected first and foremost in the rather frequent appearance of nonfinal forms in final position, but also in the less frequent use of final forms in nonfinal position. The conditions under which these two groups of letters were used differ, and in the latter case they often reflect mistakes. In many Qumran texts as well as in several texts from Masada, nonfinal letters were sometimes also written in final position. Among the Qumran texts, this practice is attested especially in texts written in the Qumran scribal practice (ch. 8a), and less frequently so in other texts. 286 The data recorded here are not as exhaustive as in the other categories analyzed above; they are based on two lists compiled for this purpose, 287 reverse-order forms in the Qumran texts culled from the database of the Israel Academy of the Hebrew Language referring to all nonbiblical scrolls published until 1975 (list 1), and the final letters in the Qumran texts in nonfinal position and nonfinal letters in final position included in the database of the Accordance computer program (list 2). The paleographical interpretation of final/nonfinal forms is sometimes subjective. Among other things, one often needs to consider as a final letter not only the shapes that are known as such from most texts, but also elongated nonfinal forms, which were meant to indicate the final position, even in such letters as bet, he, and lamed (not covered by the examples below). As a rule, however, the distinction between final and nonfinal forms is not problematical. The following lists record the texts containing some or many nonfinal forms in final position as well as final forms in nonfinal position. List 1 almost exclusively contains texts written in the Qumran scribal practice: 1QH a , 1QS, 1QM, 1QDM (1Q22), 1QApocryphal Prophecy (1Q25), 1QpHab, 1QpZeph (1Q15), 4Qpap pIsa c (4Q163), 4QpHos a (4Q166), 4QpPs a (4Q171), 4QFlor (4Q174), 4QTanh≥ (4Q176), 4QCatena A (4Q177), 4QpapS a (4Q255). It also contains one text not written in that system, 4QJub e (4Q220). Altogether, the list contains fifteen texts, of which eleven are not mentioned in list 2. List 2 records forty-two texts written in the Qumran scribal practice: 1QH a , 1QpHab, 1QS, 1QM, 4QTest (4Q175), 4QSapiential Work (4Q185), 4QJub f (4Q221), 4QpapJub h (4Q223–224), 4QPsJub a (4Q225), 4QD a (4Q266), 4QD b (4Q267), 4QToh A (4Q274), 4QWork Containing Prayers B (4Q292), 4QRP c (4Q365), 4QApocryphal Pentateuch B (4Q377), 4Qpap paraKings et al. (4Q382), 4QMMT a (4Q394), 4QMMT d (4Q397), 4QShirShabb a (4Q400), 4QShirShabb d (4Q403), 4QShirShabb f (4Q405), 4QInstr c (4Q417), 4QInstr d (4Q418), 4QWays of Righteousness b (4Q421), 4QSapiential-Hymnic Work A (4Q426), 4QH a (4Q427), 4QH b (4Q428), 4QPersonal Prayer (4Q443), 4QNarrative C (4Q462), 4QWar Scroll-like Text B (4Q471), 4QM a (4Q491), 4QpapM f (4Q496), 4QpapRitMar (4Q502), 4QpapPrQuot (4Q503), 4QDibHam a (4Q504), 4QpapDibHam c (4Q506), 4QpapPrFêtes c (4Q509), 4QpapRitPur B (4Q512), 11QSefer ha-Milh≥amah (11Q14), 11QT a (11Q19), 11QT b (11Q20). List 2 also contains sixteen texts not written in the Qumran scribal practice or for which insufficient orthographic evidence was available: Copper Scroll (3Q15), 4QText with a Citation of Jubilees (4Q228), 4QHarvesting (4Q284a), 4Q327, 4Q370, 4Q378, 4QapocrJosh b (4Q379), 4QpsEzek a (4Q385), 4QLiturgical Work A (4Q409), 4QLament by a Leader (4Q439), 4QApocryphal Psalm and Prayer (4Q448), 4QNarrative I (4Q469), 4QText Mentioning 284 A. Yardeni, The Book of Hebrew Script (Heb.; Jerusalem 1991) 152. 285 A. Yardeni, “A Deed of Sale from the Judaean Desert: Nah≥al S≥e
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 219 Descendants of David (4Q479), 4QpapPrFêtes b (4Q508), 4QOrd c (4Q514), 4QpapUnclassified frags. (4Q520), 4QMessianic Apocalypse (4Q521). In the following eleven texts, the present author has noted similar phenomena: 1QIsa a (scribes A and B), 4QDeut j , 4QExod c , 4QDeut m , 4QXII d , 4QPs o , 4QPs x , 4QpapD h (4Q273), 4QRP b (4Q364), 4QParaGen-Exod (4Q422), 4QTQahat ar (4Q542). Seven of these texts are written in the Qumran scribal practice. Single forms are also included in two Masada texts: MasLev b , MasEzek. The connection between this procedure and the Qumran scribal practice in these eighty Qumran texts is very likely (75 percent of all the texts), but further research is needed especially since these lists are not exhaustive regarding the biblical texts. Nonfinal letters in final position (illustrations 1, 6, 6 26) 26 Most of the instances in which nonfinal letters were written at the ends of words in these texts appear at the ends of monosyllabic words such as mg, ma, man, mç, m[, x[, mwy, indicating that these words were not viewed simply as independent units. 288 According to the statistics provided by Siegel, “Orthographic Convention,” and idem, Scribes of Qumran, 4–6 in 1QIsa a mg, ma, mç, x[, mwy were almost always (scribes A and B) written with nonfinal mem, 289 while for neam there were an equal number of forms with final and nonfinal letters (>am with final mem occurs mainly when preceded by a prefix, a configuration which must have been conceived of as both a monosyllabic and a bisyllabic word). Some examples referring to monosyllabic, bisyllabic, and longer words follow. Monosyllabic words 4QPs x 2 (Ps 89:20) m[O 4QPs x 8 (Ps 89:31) mOa 4QToh A (4Q274) 2 i 2 mwyb 4QToh A (4Q274) 2 i 8 ma Bisyllabic words 4QpapS a (4Q255) 2 5 mymt klhl 4QH a (4Q427) 7 ii 10 xra; 7 ii 17 xylm 4QApocryphal Psalm and Prayer (4Q448) II 2 klmh; II 3 km[; II 9 kmç Longer words 4QPs x 1 (Ps 89:20) kyrj‚b‚?l 4QT a ? (4Q365a) 2 ii 6 pwqçmh 4QApocryphal Psalm and Prayer (4Q448) II 8 ktklmm; III 1 ktbhab None of the texts mentioned in the two lists is consistent with regard to the writing of final forms. For example, in 4QH a (4Q427) 7 i, probably containing more nonfinal letters in final position than other Qumran texts, final and nonfinal forms alternate constantly. Final letters in nonfinal position (illustr. 16) 16 Some final letters were written in nonfinal position because some scribes did not consistently distinguish between the two letters. Such instances can be recognized especially when the final letter does not occur in penultimate position (which usually resulted from an error), e.g. 4QpapS a (4Q255) 2 4 hdˆ; 4QMMT a (4Q394) 1–2 ii 4 hnwµçw; iii 4 hnwµçb; iii 7 hçµjw; v 5 ˆµçh; 3–7 i 4 txqµ, 7 µyam]fµw, 8 ˆúgúdóµ. Many, if not most, instances of final letters occur in penultimate position; the scribe must have thought that he had finished the word since most of them represent complete words, such as 288 See Martin, Scribal Character, II.631–2; J. P. Siegel, “Final Mem,” 125–30; idem, “Orthographic Convention”; Qimron, Grammar, 126–31. 289 The exceptions pertain mainly to cases in which these words were preceded by another syllable, such as -h or -b.
Page 1:
SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
Page 5 and 6:
DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
Page 7 and 8:
Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
Page 9:
Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
Page 12 and 13:
xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
Page 14 and 15:
xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
Page 16 and 17:
REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
Page 18 and 19:
xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
Page 20 and 21:
xx Preface This book contains thous
Page 23 and 24:
1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
Page 25 and 26:
Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
(4) No indication Scribal Practices
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 239: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 245 and 246: 6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
Page 257 and 258: 7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
Page 267: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 270 and 271: 248 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
Page 272 and 273: 250 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
Page 274 and 275: 252 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions L
Page 276 and 277: 254 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
Page 278 and 279: 256 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
Page 280 and 281: 258 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions h
Page 282 and 283: 260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
Page 284 and 285: 262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
Page 286 and 287: 264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
Page 288 and 289: 266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
Page 290 and 291:
268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
Page 292 and 293:
270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
Page 294 and 295:
272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
Page 297 and 298:
APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
Page 305 and 306:
APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
Page 311 and 312:
CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
Page 313 and 314:
P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
Page 315 and 316:
P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325:
show all

SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?