SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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158 Chapter 5: Writing Practices 4QPs c (Psalms 16–53; 50–68 CE) 4QPs d (parts of Psalm 104; other parts of that Psalm and of Ps 106 [?] and 147 are in prose; 100–30 BCE) 4QPs g (Psalm 119; no other Psalms preserved; c. 50 CE) 4QPs h (Psalm 119; no other Psalms preserved; 30 BCE–70 CE) 4QPs l (only Psalm 104; no other Psalms preserved; 50–1 BCE) 4QPs w (Psalm 112; no other Psalms preserved; 125–75 BCE) 5QPs (Psalm 119; no other Psalms preserved; 1–100 CE) 8QPs (Psalms 17–18; no other Psalms preserved; 1–100 CE) 11QPs a (Psalm 119; the other Psalms are in prose; 1–50 CE) 11QPs b (Psalm 119; the other Psalms are in prose; 30–1 BCE) 5/6H≥evPs (Psalms 7–16, 18, 22–25, 29–31; 50–68 CE) MasPs a (Psalms 81–85; 30–1 BCE) MasPs b (Psalm 147; 50–25 BCE) 4QJob a (chapters 31–37; 100–50 BCE) 4QpaleoJob c (probably; chapters 13, 14; 225–150 BCE) 4QProv a (chapters 1–2; 50 BCE–30 CE) 4QProv b (chapters 9, 13–15; 30 BCE–50 CE) 3QLam (ch. 3; 30 BCE–68 CE) 5QLam b (ch. 4; 50 CE) 2QSir (ch. 6; 50–1 BCE) MasSir (chapters 39–44; 10 BCE–50 CE) 4QMessianic Apocalypse (4Q521) 2 ii (125–75 BCE) Not all the Qumran biblical scrolls were written in stichographic writing in units which were arranged in a special (poetical) layout in other Qumran scrolls. The greatest amount of information is available for the Psalms scrolls for which more scrolls are known without any such arrangement. TABLE 9 lists twenty-seven texts (twenty Psalms scrolls and seven other texts) written without any stichographic layout as running texts, while four other texts (1QPs a , 4QPs d , 11QPs a , 11QPs b ) contain both prose and stichographic sections, and eleven Psalms scrolls listed in TABLE 8 present a full stichographic arrangement. TABLE 9: Manuscripts of Poetical Texts Not Displaying a Stichographic Layout 213 4QExod c in Exodus 15 (50–25 BCE) 4QExod d in Exodus 15 (225–175 BCE) 4QDeut j XII (Deuteronomy 32; see J. A. Duncan, DJD XIV, 90; 50 CE) 1QPs a (all Psalms excluding Psalm 119 which is written in a special layout; no date) 1QPs b (no date) 1QPs c (no date) 3QPs (only Psalm 2 is preserved; 1–100 CE) 4QPs a (150 BCE) 4QPs d (from col. III 5 onwards; 100–30 BCE) 4QPs e (30–68 CE) 4QPs f (50–68 CE) 4QPs j (50 CE) 4QPs k (100–30 BCE) 4QPs m (30–1 BCE) 4QPs n (30–1 BCE) 213 The graphical arrangement of 4Qapocryphal Psalm and Prayer (4Q448) contains a mixture of layouts. The psalm in col. A is written as prose, while the first column of the prayer, col. B, contains very narrow lines which do not comprise sense units. The small fragment preserves three columns of which col. A is the uppermost writing block preceded by a large indentation, while cols. B and C are written below col. A, although col. B protrudes considerably to the right because of the large indentation of col. A.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 159 4QPs o (30–1 BCE) 4QPs p (probably; 30 BCE–68 CE) 4QPs q (30 BCE–30 CE) 4QPs r (30 BCE–68 CE) 4QPs s (50–68 CE) 4QPs u (probably; 50 CE) 4Q522 (Psalm 122) 22–24; see É. Puech, DJD XXV and DJD XVI, 169–70 (65–30 BCE) 6QpapPs? (probably; 50 CE) 11QPs a (all Psalms excluding Psalm 119 which is written in a special layout; 1–50 CE) 11QPs b (all Psalms excluding Psalm 119 which is written in a special layout; 30–1 BCE) 11QPs c (1–50 CE) 11QPs d (30–68 CE) 2QJob (30 BCE–68 CE) 4QJob b (50–1 BCE) 4QLam (30–1 BCE) 5QLam a (50 CE) 11QapocrPs (11Q11; nonbiblical composition; 50–70 CE) It is difficult to ascertain whether there is any pattern behind the different ways of presenting the text of poetical units, with or without a stichographic arrangement. The problem is most acute in the Psalms scrolls since they are the largest component in the lists in TABLES 8 and 9. It cannot be determined whether the different background of the biblical texts as reflected in their textual character determined the use or non-use of stichographic systems (see the diffusion of the stichographic systems represented in the chart in APPENDIX 8). There is also no clear chronological distinction between the different types of arrangement (see the dates provided in TABLES 8 and 9), although among the texts presented in TABLE 8 there are more early scrolls than among the texts recorded in TABLE 9 (see, however, 4QExod d ). This observation could lead to the view that at the outset a stichographic arrangement was the rule, and that subsequently this layout was often abandoned. This assumption could tally with the general rule in the somewhat later rabbinic literature of presenting only a few units in this way: the lists of the kings of Canaan (Josh 12:9-24) and the sons of Haman (Esth 9:6-9) as well as three Songs (Exod 15:1-18, Deuteronomy 32, and Judg 5:2-30) in the prose books of the Bible, but not the Psalms (see below). The distinction between the stichographically written poetical units and the poetical units written as prose is unclear, and possibly we need to approach the issue from a different angle. Since the special layout of poetical units among the Judean Desert texts occurs almost exclusively in biblical texts, it would be natural to assume that the texts which do not reflect such a layout, especially the Psalms scrolls, are not Scripture in the regular sense of the word. Rather, they served another purpose, such as that of a liturgical collection. This suggestion was raised hesitantly by Oesch, “Textgliederung,” 317 who suggested that the parameters of the graphic presentation of the Qumran texts were determined by the purpose for which the compositions were written. However, it is unclear whether this claim can be made for all the Psalm scrolls mentioned above. If the prose arrangement of the biblical Psalms in Psalms scrolls together with liturgical additions in some collections (especially 11QPs a ) is an indication of their use in religious gatherings, several such collections are indeed fully or partly arranged stichographically (TABLE 8), but others are not (TABLE 9). Consequently, it is possible that a reverse logic should be applied. Since Psalm 119 is always arranged stichographically and is part of the later Jewish liturgy, it is possible that stichographic
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
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7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
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248 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
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250 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
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252 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions L
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254 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
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256 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
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258 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions h
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260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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