SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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176 Chapter 5: Writing Practices The texts that employ cancellation dots/strokes are more frequent than those using lines to cross out letters or words. To some extent, different systems were used under different circumstances, but in the case of deletions, there is no major difference in meaning between these systems. Basically these systems were used under similar circumstances, but one recognizes a preference for the use of parenthesis signs for longer omissions, and of cancellation dots/strokes above and below letters for individual letters. For the deletion of complete words, cancellation dots/strokes and crossing out with a line are more or less equivalent systems. Since much was left to the personal preference of individual scribes, some elected to use cancellation dots/strokes in most circumstances (e.g. 1QIsa a ), while others preferred crossing out words (e.g. 4QD a [4Q266]). Others chose to erase the elements with a sharp instrument (e.g. 1QS), while in 1QH a most elements were dotted and afterwards erased. As a parallel for the employment of interchangeable systems see the MT of Num 10:35-36 which is known from the medieval manuscripts as encircled with inverted nunin (that is, parenthesis signs) but from rabbinic literature (Sifre Numbers § 84) as indicated with cancellation dots. In the analysis of the correction procedures it needs to be remembered that apparent inconsistency must sometimes be attributed to correction of manuscripts by subsequent scribes and users. The correction signs occur only in texts written in the square script, and not in texts written in paleo-Hebrew characters. The latter texts were written by a different scribal school (ch. 7b), and on the whole they display very little scribal intervention. All these correction systems were used in a similar way in the Alexandrian Greek scribal tradition (see below). Of the systems listed below, practices i (cancellation dots) and iii (parenthesis signs) may have been adopted directly from the Alexandrian scribal tradition since they are not known from earlier Hebrew or Aramaic sources. In the scribal tradition of the Alexandrian Greek grammarians, the parenthesis signs play a prominent role in the critical annotation of text editions. The Aramaic papyri from the fifth century BCE, which are rather well documented, use no special notations for canceling letters; the only system used in these documents is that of washing out letters (e.g. Porten–Yardeni, TAD, 2, B.2.6 36; B.3.2), recorded below as technique x. In addition to the systems known from the Judean Desert texts, Alexandrian scribes indicated a large omission with an ancora (anchor-shaped sign) in the margins of the Greek manuscripts, e.g. Turner, Greek Manuscripts, documents 12, 34, and 41 and McNamee, Sigla, 11–13. This system was followed in Latin manuscripts. 233 A good example of an ancora is found in P.Chester Beatty IV (961) of Gen 29:16 (4 CE), where [onoma t]h meizoni leia kai was omitted by way of homoioteleuton and the corrector wrote an ancora in the text and side margin, while the omitted text was added in the top margin of that column (see further P.Chester Beatty VI [963] of Num 5:21). For a possible use of this sign in MasSir V (fig. 15) 15 in the top right margin, though with a different meaning, see § g above. The ancora sign was sometimes accompanied by a note kavtw (below) or a[nw (above) referring to the bottom or top margin where the omitted elements were written. In Greek manuscripts, probably more elements were crossed out with lines than canceled with dots, 234 while in the Qumran texts more elements were dotted. In Greek manuscripts, some individual letters were crossed out with lines, while in the Qumran texts mainly words were crossed out. Finally, since most of the Greek texts are on papyrus, the technique of washing out letters with a sponge (technique x) was used frequently. 233 See E. A. Lowe, “The Oldest Omission Signs in Latin Manuscripts: Their Origin and Significance,” Studi e Testi 126 (Miscellanea Mercati VI; Città del Vaticano 1946) 36–79 = Palaeographical Papers 1907–65 (Oxford 1972) II.349– 80. 234 No comparative studies on these different procedures are known to me. For studies on other aspects of correction procedures in Greek manuscripts, see E. G. Turner, “Scribes” (see n. 43 above) 141–6; K. McNamee, “Greek Literary Papyri,” 79–91; G. M. Rispoli, “Correzioni, varianti, glosse e scoli nei papiri ercolanesi,” Proceedings of the XVIII Int. Congr. of Papyrology (Athens 1988) I.309–20.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 177 i. The marking of the elements to be canceled with cancellation dots/strokes (figs. 6.1– 6.1 6.4). 6.4 The omission of many elements was indicated by scribes or users with cancellation dots, placed in different positions above or below individual letters and words in texts written in square characters. 235 Cancellation strokes have so far been recognized only in 1QHa X (Suk. = Puech XVIII) 6 lyçk2-a (for lykça) and 1QpHab VII 2 l–[– l[; VIII 14 (partially preserved also in II 16). Such strokes are also known from the Greek scribal tradition; see Turner, Greek Manuscripts, 16; Turner, Greek Papryri, pl. VIII; and below, after TABLE 15 for examples. This system was rarely used for papyri from the Judean Desert, in which scribes preferred to use other systems of erasing (sponge?). The main systems used may be formulated as follows: • The cancellation of complete or partial words was usually indicated with dots above (TABLES 10, 11) the letter(s) or both above and below the letters (TABLE 11). • As a variant of this system: with the addition of dots to the right and left of the linear word. • Single letters were usually canceled with dots both above and below the letters (TABLE 10), since a single dot could easily be overlooked. In any event, the different position of the dots vis-à-vis the letters does not carry a special meaning, since all the dots were intended to cancel letters or words. In a few cases, mainly in 1QIsaa , dots were placed on both sides of supralinear words or letters, canceling the addition (technique e). In a single case in 1QDM (1Q22) III 10 (technique f), a triangular cluster of three dots in the space between the lines indicated the deletion of a stretch of text appearing after the dots. The same sign appears in P.Oxy. 15.1809 of Plato (Phaedo, 102) of 1 or 2 CE (Turner, Greek Manuscripts, 48 and document 19). Similar dots, mainly above single letters, appear in fifteen instances in the Masoretic manuscripts, and in one instance both above and below the letters (Ps 27:13); see § 10 below. In all these instances, in the Qumran texts as well as in the Masoretic manuscripts, the dots denote the deletion of the dotted elements, even though Martin, Scribal Character, I.166 named them ‘alternative or doubtful linear readings.’ a. Cancellation dots above more than one letter canceling one or more complete words or parts of words (fig. 6.1) 6.1 TABLE 10: Cancellation Dots Above More Than One Letter 1QIsaa scribes A and B XIII 14 (Isa 15:7) µyútwúdqpw (corrected text equals MT) XXVIII 28 (Isa 35:10) hóbówgyçy (corrected text equals MT wgyçy; fig. 6 . 1) 1 XXIX 3 (Isa 36:4) hódówúhóyú ˚ólómó (lacking in MT and 2 Kgs 18:19) XXIX 10 (Isa 36:7) µóyúlóçówúróyúbó wwjtçt hzh jbzmh ynpl (the longer text is identical to 2 Kgs 18:22 MT and versions; the shorter XXXV 15 (Isa 42:6) text agrees with the MT of Isaiah) hky .. tr ... q (the purpose of the dots is unclear) XXXVI 8 (Isa 42:25) wúbó ró[btw (wúbó has been canceled, while the nature of the dot on the preceding letter is unclear 4QTanh≥ (4Q176) 10 17 tóbó (not recognized in the edition) 4QapocrLam A (4Q179) 1 ii 13 4QEnastr µóyúróqóyhó (irregular dots) a ar (4Q208) 18 2 .. nd 4QTime of Righteousness (4Q215a) 1 ii 9 bwfh qódúxhó lçmm ab (the second dot is placed between the dalet and qoph) 235 For other uses of dots in manuscripts, see SUBJECT INDEX, ‘dot.’
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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(4) No indication Scribal Practices
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5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
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7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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