SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

Recommendations

Info

206 Chapter 5: Writing Practices (a) Paleo-Hebrew characters in texts written in the square script; for a detailed analysis of this practice used in a large group of manuscripts, see ch. 6b. (b) Four dots (named Tetrapuncta by Stegemann, KURIOS, 152) in texts written in the square script represent the Tetragrammaton in eight nonbiblical and biblical texts written in the Qumran scribal practice, as well as in four additional Qumran texts (in one: strokes) and XH≥ev/SeEschat Hymn (XH≥ev/Se 6) 2 7 (four diagonal strokes). These dots and strokes were positioned level with the tops of the letters; see, e.g. 4QTest (4Q175) 1, 19 and 4QT b (4Q524) 6–13 4. For an example, see fig. 19 and for the evidence, see TABLE 19. This practice undoubtedly reflects reverence for the divine name, considered so sacred that it was not to be written with regular characters lest an error be made or lest it be erased by mistake. Possibly, the dots or strokes were also meant to alert against pronouncing the divine name. It is unlikely that these dots or strokes were intended to be replaced by paleo-Hebrew characters, since the scribes did not leave sufficient space for this purpose. Usually, the scribe wrote a series of four dots but in 4QTanh≥ (4Q176) and 4QNarrative C (4Q462) two clusters of two dots are written. The scribe of 4QHistorical Text A (4Q248) drew five strokes. TABLE 19: Tetrapuncta in the Qumran Scrolls Eight texts, the first four apparently penned by the same scribe, were probably written in the Qumran scribal practice: 1QS VIII 14 (quotation from Isa 40:3). 1QIsa a : Supralinear corrections in XXXIII 7 (Isa 40:7; illustr. 1) and XXXV 15 (Isa 42:6). The last mentioned instance seemingly presents five dots, but one of the spots of ink is a remnant of one of the letters of the Tetragrammaton in the square script which was written here initially, and then erased. 275 4QSam c 1 3 (1 Sam 25:31); III 7, 7 (2 Sam 15:8). 4QTest (4Q175) lines 1, 19 (biblical quotations, fig. 1 9). 9 4QTanh≥ (4Q176) 1–2 i 6, 7, 9 (four dots; 1–2 ii 3 (two clusters of two strokes); 8–10 6, 8 (twice), 10 (two clusters of two dots), all biblical quotations. Also once in the square script: 3 1. 4Qpap paraKings et al. (4Q382) 9 5 (quotation of 2 Kgs 2:3-4); 78 2; but not in 11 4 (2 Kgs 2:4) and 53 1. 4QNarrative C (4Q462) 7 (four dots) 12 (two clusters of two dots, probably biblical quotations). 4QTb (4Q524) 6–13 4, 5 (four dots). Four Qumran texts and one text from H≥ever/Seiyal not written in the Qumran scribal practice: 4QpapTob a ar (4Q196) 17 i 5 (Tob 12:22); 18 15 (Tob 14:2). 4QHistorical Text A (4Q248) 5 (five strokes, possibly with a combining stroke between strokes 2 and 3 counted from the right). 4QMen of People Who Err (4Q306) 3 5 (four strokes). 4Qpap psEzek e (4Q391) 36 (3 times), 52, 55, 58, 65 (insufficient data on the orthographic system). XH≥ev/SeEschat Hymn (XH≥ev/Se 6) 2 7 (four strokes). According to Stegemann, KURIOS, 155 the four dots indicating the divine name are also evidenced in an early copy of the LXX, P.Fouad 266b (848) of Deuteronomy (middle of 1 BCE), where they were subsequently overwritten by the Tetragrammaton written in small square characters, leaving much space on both sides. 276 Since, according to Stegemann, the dots in this Greek manuscript were replaced by the Tetragrammaton, he suggested that the scribes of the aforementioned Hebrew texts also intended to replace the dots with actual letters. However, this assumption cannot be examined properly in the Greek text, since it is difficult to recognize any dots behind the writing of the 275 The transcription with five dots in Burrows, The Dead Sea Scrolls is imprecise. As a result, the view of M. Delcor, “Les divers manières d’écrire le tétragramme sacré dans les anciens documents hébraïques,” RHR 147 (1955) 135–73 (153), according to which these five dots represent the name ynwda is without support. 276 Stegemann refers to the photograph provided by W. G. Waddell, “The Tetragrammaton in the LXX,” JTS 45 (1944) 158– 61, even though this photograph does not show more dots than the other photographs.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 207 Tetragrammaton in P.Fouad 266b. 277 Besides, in that text the two dots are often indicated above the level of the letters, and accordingly four dots would also have been visible in Hebrew texts. As a result, there is no evidence indicating that the four dots or strokes were ever intended to be replaced by the Tetragrammaton in the Hebrew and Aramaic sources. Tetrapuncta were indicated in biblical as well as nonbiblical manuscripts. Since the corrector of 1QIsa a (as opposed to the original scribe of that manuscript) employed the Tetrapuncta twice in supralinear corrections, he was probably accustomed to representing the divine name in this way. Usually this corrector is identified as the scribe who also copied 1QS, 4QSam c , and 4QTest (4Q175). While it is difficult to determine the chronological relationship between the different modes of representing the divine name, Stegemann, KURIOS, 157 suggested that the Tetrapuncta preceded the writing of the divine name in square characters (see above). Most of the texts displaying Tetrapuncta are dated to the Hasmonean era (see the summary list in Webster, “Chronological Index”), possibly pointing to a practice employed in that period. 1QS–4QTest (4Q175)–4QSam c dated in different ways: 100–50 BCE for 1QS, 100–75 BCE for 4QSam c , 125–75 BCE for 4QTest (4Q175) 4QTanh≥ (4Q176) hand A: 30 BCE; hand B: 30 BCE–68 CE 4Qpap paraKings et al. (4Q382): c.75 BCE 4QNarrative C (4Q462): 50–25 BCE 4QT b (4Q524): 150–125 BCE 4QpapTob a ar (4Q196): c.50 BCE 4QHistorical Text A (4Q248): 30–1 BCE 4QMen of People Who Err (4Q306): 150–50 BCE 4Qpap psEzek e (4Q391): 150–100 BCE XH≥ev/SeEschat Hymn (XH≥ev/Se 6): 30 BCE–68 CE (c) A dicolon ( : ), followed by a space, is systematically placed before the Tetra-grammaton (written in the square script) in 4QRP b (4Q364), written in the Qumran practice of orthography and morphology. E.g. 14 3 (Exod 24:17). (d) 11QpaleoUnidentified Text (11Q22 [DJD XXIII, pl. XLVIII]) kyhlal was written with a different color of ink (red?), implying either the use of a different pen or the involvement of a different scribe, or both (the fragment itself could not be located, and the photograph remains our only source). If indeed kyhlal was written with a different pen, this would be the only recognizable instance of the special treatment of a divine name in a text completely written in paleo-Hebrew characters. The great majority of the texts in groups a and b are written in the Qumran orthography and morphology, and this also applies to the great majority of occurrences of paleo-Hebrew characters for the divine names (with the possible exception of 4QS d [4Q258]) listed in ch. 6b. The picture that emerges from a study of the distribution of the four types of special writing systems for the divine names is that they are closely connected to the Qumran scribal practice. The evidence is not massive for all the texts, but it is clear-cut for the majority of them, while the other texts are too fragmentary for analysis. For one thing, the majority of the texts using the paleo-Hebrew characters for the Tetragrammaton as listed in ch. 6b are of a sectarian nonbiblical nature. At the same time, the negative evidence must also be taken into consideration. No Hebrew texts of a non-sectarian nature or those clearly not written in the Qumran scribal practice, 277 Thus Dunand, Papyrus grecs, Introduction, 13 and Aly–Koenen, Three Rolls, 5–6. The view of Dunand and Aly– Koenen is acceptable on the basis of the photographs provided by the latter, with the possible exception of additional dots in frg. 37 (Deut 24:4). See the analysis in ch. 6b2.
Page 1:
SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
Page 5 and 6:
DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
Page 7 and 8:
Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
Page 9:
Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
Page 12 and 13:
xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
Page 14 and 15:
xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
Page 16 and 17:
REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
Page 18 and 19:
xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
Page 20 and 21:
xx Preface This book contains thous
Page 23 and 24:
1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
Page 25 and 26:
Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84:
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
(4) No indication Scribal Practices
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 227: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 245 and 246: 6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
Page 257 and 258: 7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
Page 267: Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
Page 270 and 271: 248 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
Page 272 and 273: 250 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
Page 274 and 275: 252 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions L
Page 276 and 277: 254 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
Page 278 and 279:
256 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
Page 280 and 281:
258 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions h
Page 282 and 283:
260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
Page 284 and 285:
262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
Page 286 and 287:
264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
Page 288 and 289:
266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
Page 290 and 291:
268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
Page 292 and 293:
270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
Page 294 and 295:
272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
Page 297 and 298:
APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
Page 305 and 306:
APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
Page 311 and 312:
CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
Page 313 and 314:
P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
Page 315 and 316:
P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325:
show all

SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?