SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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112 Chapter 4: Technical Aspects of Scroll Writing also to 4QpapS c (4Q257), which could have had a title in addition to the inscription on the verso. 156 A further system, the use of name tags glued to the outside of scrolls, is not evidenced for the Qumran collection. In the classical world, titles often were written on small labels attached to the rolled scroll (sivlluboi). They were easily visible when the scroll was stored; cf. Hall, Companion, 14; Kenyon, Books and Readers, 62; Turner, Greek Manuscripts, 13, 34 and documents 6–8; R. P. Oliver, “The First Medicean MS of Tacitus and the Titulature of Ancient Books,” TAPA 82 (1951) 232–61; T. Dorandi, “Sillyboi,” Scrittura e civiltà 7 (1983) 185– 99. These titles were written in a different hand from that of the main text of the scroll, probably by ‘librarians’ or owners. The fact that such name tags are lacking in the Qumran collection implies not only a different convention for indicating names; it also shows that a different storage method was employed for scrolls found in the Qumran caves (mainly: cave 4) than that used for scrolls with name tags. The data do not suffice for persuasive conclusions, but the little evidence available (ch. 3d) shows that the scrolls found at Qumran were probably stored on shelves in such a way that the full length of the scroll was visible, as evidenced also for five texts from Hellenistic and Roman Egypt. This convention may have a bearing on the storage conditions in cave 4 and/or at an earlier stage in the community buildings. The system used in the classical world of labeling scrolls with name tags suggests they were stored either in a capsa (container, box) or on shelves in such a way that the ends were visible. A further system for indicating names, that of writing the title at the end of the composition, evidenced in Greek papyri and codices (Turner, Greek Manuscripts, 13 and documents 17, 18, 61; Oliver, “The First Medicean MS,” [cited in the previous paragraph] 243), is not evidenced for the Judean Desert texts. In Greek sources, such titles were initially placed mainly at the end, and only later were they also written at the beginnings of compositions. (1) The first words in the running text In nonbiblical scrolls, the title of a composition was usually included among the first words of the running text, without any special layout, as also occurs in most biblical Psalms (ch. 5b) and previously in Ugaritic texts, e.g. KTU.1.161 (RS 34.126) rps µlx jbd. Fifteen such titles have been preserved, a rather large percentage for the twenty nonbiblical texts of which the first words are extant. Accordingly, as far as the preserved evidence may be trusted, the first words of most nonbiblical texts denoted the contents of the composition as a whole, and only in five of the twenty texts was such a title lacking, while in eleven texts the first words have not been preserved. Usually the title defined the literary genre: 157 serekh: 1QM, 1QS, 158 1QSa, 4QpapS a (4Q255) benediction: 1QSb prayer: 4QPrayer of Nabonidus ar (4Q242), also indicating attribution authorship/attribution: 4QcryptA Words of the Maskil (4Q298), 4QWords of Michael ar (4Q529), 4QVisions of Amram a ar (4Q543), 4QVisions of Amram c ar (4Q545) 159 midrash: 4QS d (4Q258), 4Qpap cryptA Midrash Sefer Moshe (4Q249), possibly 4QD a (4Q266) ‘psalm’: 4QApocryphal Psalm and Prayer (4Q448) repeated opening phrase for individual units: 4QShirShabb b (4Q401), 4QBarkhi Nafshi a (4Q434), probably 1–4QH (not preserved). TABLE 26: Titles Names of Compositions 1QM hmjlmh [˚rs lykç]m‚l - For the In[structor the Rule] of the war 1QS, toward the end of the first line djyh ˚[rs rps ?] – [The book ? of the Ru]le of the community 1QSa larçy tód[ lwkl ˚rsh hzw – This is the Rule for all the congrega- tion of Israel 156 Another system for indicating the name of a composition was cautiously suggested by Ulrich–Murphy in their edition of 4QRuth a (DJD XVI), where dark spots in the top margin above the bet of ≈rab were explained as possibly reflecting the title of the book t‚w_?r rps which would have appeared above the first column of the scroll. Since this would be the only occurrence of this system, it is unlikely that this interpretation is correct. 157 Cf. the biblical µyryçh ryç and hmlç ylçm. 158 If a new composition starts with 1QS V 1, that composition, too, begins with the term serekh. 159 If 1QS V 13–IV 26 contains a separate composition (thus, for example, A. Lange, DJD XXXIX, 132), that composition contains a title (lykçml).
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 113 1QSb lykçml [h]k‚rb yrbd – Words of blessi[ng] for the Instructor 4QPrayer of Nabonidus ar (4Q242) ynbn ylx yd at[l]x ylm – The words of the pr[ay]er uttered by Nabunai 4QpapS a (4Q255), end of first line djyh krs rps – The book of the Rule of the community 4QS d (4Q258) µybdntmh hrwth yçna l[ lykçml çrdm (= 4QS b [4Q256] 5 1) – Teaching for the Instructor concerning the men of the Torah who have freely pledged themselves 4QD a (4Q266) rwa yún_[bl lykçml µyfpçmh çwrp] thus J. Baumgarten, DJD XVIII, 31 or: rwa yún_[bl ˆwrjah hrwth çrdm] thus H. Stegemann, DJD XXXVI, 218–9; cf. 4QD e (4Q270) 7 ii 15 4QcryptA Words of the Maskil (4Q298) rjç ynb lwkl rbd rça lykçm y_[rbd], in the square script. 160 [The word]s of the Instructor to all sons of dawn 4QApocryphal Psalm and Prayer (4Q448) ¿r‚y_ç‚ ?r¿w_m‚zm hywllh (extrapolated in the margin) – Praise the Lord, a Psal[m], a song of 4QWords of Michael ar (4Q529) lakym rma yd abtk ylm Words of the book authored by Michael 4QVisions of Amram a ar (4Q543) µrm[ twzj ylm btk ˆgçrp - Copy of the book of the words of the vision of Amram 4QVisions of Amram c ar (4Q545) µrm[ t[wzj ylm btk ˆ]gçrp – Cop[y of the book of the words of the visi]on of Amram Opening Phrase for Individual Units 4QShirShabb b (4Q401) lykçml – For the Instructor 4QBarkhi Nafshi a (4Q434) ynda ta yçpn ykrb – Bless, my soul, the Lord Parts of Books 161 1QapGen ar V 29 after an empty line j‚w_n_ ylm btk 162 – Book of the words of Noah 4QEn c ar (4Q204) VI 9 after an indentation a]fçwq ylm rps (= 1 En 14:1) - Book of the words of trut[h] Likewise, the title of a small collection starting with Jer 23:9 is now part of the running text: ‘Concerning the prophets. My heart is crushed within me . . . ’ See further the evidence below and in ch. 5b relating to the special layout of headers in poetical units, mainly Psalms. (2) Inscription on the verso or recto of the rolled scroll (illustr. 11a) 11 In five instances, the title was written on the back of the first inscribed sheet (4Qpap cryptA Midrash Sefer Moshe [4Q249]; 4QDibHam a [4Q504]) or of the handle sheet (1QS, 4QGen h-title [4Q8c]) in order for it to be visible when the scroll was unrolled with its beginning as the outermost layer, or possibly when it was stored on shelves. In 4QpapS c (4Q257), the title was written on the back of the second sheet, a custom which is paralleled in Greek secular papyri (see below). Since the beginnings of fifty-one scrolls have been preserved, in full or in part, it can be said safely that this practice was not implemented often. The practice described here is also known from five Greek literary papyrus scrolls from Egypt from 2 BCE to 2 CE as described by W. Luppe, “Rückenseitentitel auf Papyrusrollen,” ZPE 27 (1977) 89–99 and Turner, Greek Manuscripts, 14. That only five such scrolls were known to Luppe and Turner shows that the system was used very infrequently in Egypt, since the corpus examined by these scholars is more extensive than that from Qumran. In two cases, the titles were inscribed perpendicular to the direction of writing of the scroll (P.Rylands 19 of Theopompus of 2 CE; P.Oxy. 23.2358 of Alkaios of 2 CE), while in three instances the title was written parallel to the direction of the writing of the scroll itself (P.Würzburg of Sosylos of 1–2 CE, P.Oxy. 2803 of Stesichoros of 1 BCE, P.Oxy. 35.2741 of a commentary on Eupolis, Marikas, of 2–3 CE); in all instances the titles were written on the back of the first or second column rather than that of the handle sheet. 160 The scroll itself was written in the Cryptic A script. Also the title of 4Qpap cryptA Midrash Sefer Moshe (4Q249) 1 verso was written in the square script, while the composition itself was written in the Cryptic A script. See below. 161 These titles are not included in the statistics. 162 See R. C. Steiner, “The Heading of the Book of the Words of Noah on a Fragment of the Genesis Apocryphon: New Light on a ‘Lost’ Work,” DSD 2 (1995) 66–71.
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
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7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
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248 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
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250 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
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252 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions L
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254 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
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256 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
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258 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions h
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260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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