SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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192 Chapter 5: Writing Practices 4QcryptA Lunisolar Calendar (4Q317) fragmentary texts: 4Qpap cryptA Serekh ha->Edah a–i (4Q249a–i) 4Q249j–z: sundry small fragments 4Qpap cryptA Text Concerning Cultic Service A (4Q250) 4Qpap cryptA Text Concerning Cultic Service B? (4Q250a) 4Q250b–j: sundry small fragments 4QcryptA Miqs≥at Ma>as;e ha-Torah g ? (4Q313) 4QcryptA Unidentified Text P (4Q313a) 4QcryptA Unidentified Text Q (4Q313b) 4QcryptA Cal Doc B (4Q313c) 4Q324d–f: sundry small fragments 11QcryptA Unidentified Text (11Q23) See also: 4QHoroscope (4Q186) written in the square, paleo-Hebrew, and Cryptic A scripts This script is described by S. Pfann, “4Q298” as a development from the Late Phoenician scripts, and is used for several texts of a Qumran sectarian nature as well as for other texts which must have had a special meaning for the Qumran community (see also Pfann’s study, “The Writings in Esoteric Script from Qumran,” in Schiffman, Jerusalem Congress, 177–90). According to Milik, quoted by Pfann, “Writings,” 177, and Pfann, this script was used especially by the Maskil. In the scrolls analyzed here, a few individual letters of the Cryptic A script are written between the lines and, more frequently, in the margins. These letters may well refer to a sectarian coded message. Although the meaning of these letters is not evident, it is clear that they occur irregularly, as is evident from 4Qpap pIsa c (4Q163), in which only one column is copiously annotated in the margin (6–7 ii). The scribal markings in this script, consisting of one, two, or three letters, are listed in this section and in figs. 10.1–11 10.1 11 together with their parallels in the Cryptic A script, especially as evidenced in 4QcryptA Words of the Maskil (4Q298), 4QcryptA Lunisolar Calendar (4Q317), and 4QHoroscope (4Q186). In 1QIsaa , these signs may refer to the sectarian reading of certain passages, 249 or to matters of sectarian interest. At the same time, one of the signs (fig. 10.4) 10.4 possibly draws attention to elements lacking in the text in comparison with MT; however, if this assumption is correct, this would be the only evidence for the collation of any of the Qumran scrolls with MT. Since the identification of the Cryptic A script for texts using sectarian terminology is likely (Pfann, “4Q298”), the new evidence shows that at least some biblical Qumran texts were actively used by the Qumran community or copied by sectarian scribes. The evidence for these signs in the Cryptic A script pertains to six texts written according to the Qumran scribal practice, all sectarian; note in particular 4QMyst c ? (4Q301) in which an encoded sectarian message is not surprising. The evidence also pertains to one Aramaic and three biblical texts (1QIsaa , written according to the Qumran scribal practice, and possibly also 4QExodk and 4QCantb ). The use of letters in Cryptic A should be discussed in conjunction with that of individual letters of the paleo-Hebrew script which probably served a similar purpose in 1QIsaa , 1QS, and 5QLama , for which see § 4 below. The appearance of letters in the Cryptic A script has important implications for our understanding of the literature of the Qumran community, in particular of the biblical texts 1QIsaa and 4QCantb , and of works whose sectarian nature is not immediately obvious: 4QInstrc (4Q417), 4QDibHama (4Q504), 4QShirb (4Q511), and 4QMyst c ? (4Q301). All these compositions were annotated, although very rarely, with paleo-Hebrew letters and letters of the Cryptic A script. These letters were written by either the original scribes, later scribes, or users. 249 Thus already J. C. Trever in Burrows, The Dead Sea Scrolls, xvi and Martin, Scribal Character, I.186–7 although they did not recognize the cryptic letters.
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 193 A relatively large number of zayins are recognizable (figs. 10.6 11.2, 11.2 12.1). 12.1 10.6, 10.7 [2x], 10.12, 10.12 11, 11 11.1, 11.1 Several signs appear at the beginning of new sections to which they refer as a whole: figs. 5.5 10.3, 10.5, 10.5 10.9, 10.9 10.10, 10.10 11.1, 11.1 11.2. 11.2 Other signs are written above single words: figs. 10.4 10.2, 10.2 10.3 10.6 (2x), 10.7 (2x). 5.5, 10.4, On the difficulty concerning the distinction between the Cryptic A script and paleo-Hebrew letters, see further below, § 4. 1QIsa a scribes A and B: Several signs in the margin (rarely in the text itself) of this manuscript reflect letters in the Cryptic A script, without any recognizable pattern 250 and, with one exception, not occurring more than once. That the signs described below are probably not related to a paragraphing system is evident from the sign in VIII 9, which occurs in conjunction with a paragraphos sign. VII, between lines 7 and 8 (Isa 7:20; Trever in Burrows, The Dead Sea Scrolls, fig. 2), at the beginning of a new section (fig. 10 . 1a), 1 possibly reflecting a prolonged form of the resh in the Cryptic A script (fig. 1 0. 1b). 1 VIII 9 (Isa 8:16; Trever, fig. 3); cf. the h≥eth in the Cryptic A script (fig. 1 0. 2a 2 –b). XI 4 (Isa 11:15; Trever, fig. 4), at the beginning of a new section (fig. 1 0. 3a); 3 cf. the qoph in the Cryptic A script of 4QcryptA Words of the Maskil (4Q298, fig. 10 . 3b) 3 or a bet (beta) of 4QHoroscope (4Q186). XVII 1 (Isa 21:16; Trever, fig. 5) above çwlç. This sign (fig. 10 . 4a) 4 possibly indicates the lack of çwlç in MT; cf. the kaph in the Cryptic A script or an >ayin in the paleo-Hebrew script (fig. 10 . 4c). 4 A similar sign occurs in XXVIII 18 (Isa 34:17; fig. 1 0 .4b), .4 as well as in 4QInstrc (4Q417) 2 ii 23 (with a different function?; see below), in 4QCantb I 7 (see below), and as part of a paragraph sign in 1QIsaa (fig. 1. 6; 6 e.g. XXVIII 29 [illustr. 6]; XXXII 29; XXXV 22). Cf. also XXVIII 18 (Isa 34:17; Trever, fig. 5). The circular sign probably indicates a long missing stretch of text in the original text of the scroll, which was subsequently added by a later hand. XXI 23 (Isa 27:13; Trever, fig. 6), at the beginning of a new section (fig. 1 0. 5a); 5 cf. the s≥ade in the Cryptic A script (fig. 1 0. 5b). 5 XXVII 21 (Isa 33:19; Trever, fig. 8). This sign (fig. 1 0. 6a), 6 written above wart, differing from hart of MT, may reflect the notation of a variant reading; cf. the zayin in the Cryptic A script (fig. 10 . 6b) 6 or a paleo- Hebrew zayin (fig. 1 0 . 6c). 6 XXXIII 1 (Isa 40:2; Trever, fig. 8), 251 is written above µylpk (fig. 1 0. 7a), 7 cf. the zayin in the Cryptic A script or in the paleo-Hebrew script (figs. 10 . 6b–c). 6 Note also the similar paleo-Hebrew zayin in the margin of 4QShir b (4Q511) 18 iii 8 (see below). Cf. also: XL 19 (Isa 48:14), above lbbb (fig. 1 0. 7b). 7 4QExod k : For the sign in the upper right corner (fig. 10 .1 1a 1 ), above the center of the first word, cf. the lamed in the Cryptic A script of 4QcryptA Lunisolar Calendar (4Q317; fig. 1 0. 1 1b). 1 The positioning of the sign could reflect a numbering system of sheets, on which see below § 8. 4QCantb I 7 (line-filler?; fig. 1 2. 2 and illustr. 8a) at the end of the line; cf. Cryptic A kaph (fig. 10 . 4c) 4 or paleo- Hebrew Æayin. 4QpPsb (4Q173) frg. 5 (which probably does not belong to this manuscript) 4 lal written in unusual letters. The letters resemble Greek and Latin characters in mirror writing with Hebrew values (a = a and L = l), and therefore resemble the Cryptic A script of 4QHoroscope (4Q186), which includes a few Greek letters. See fig. 28. 28 J. Allegro named these letters ‘some cryptic form’ (DJD V, 53), while Skehan, “The Divine Name,” 27 speaks of ‘distorted, unnatural paleohebrew lettering.’ For the writing of the divine name in special ways, see § 5d below and ch. 6b2. 4QpapTob a ar (4Q196; fig. 1 0. 8b) 8 35 (fragmentary; the sign may have been written in the margin between the columns); cf. the Cryptic A letter kaph (fig. 1 0 .4c). .4 250It is difficult to know whether the paragraphs indicated by the signs are of any specific sectarian importance. Martin, Scribal Character, I.184, notes that fig. 10 . 1, 1 referring to Isa 7:20, pertains to Babylon and Egypt, often mentioned in the Qumran writings, for example, in 1QM. An explanation of this kind is probably behind some of these signs in 1QIsaa , but it is hard to press this point, as the passages which are most central to the Qumran community are not indicated in this way. Another possibility that comes to mind is that some of the signs could be cross-references to the pesharim of Isaiah, but this hypothesis cannot be examined as the relevant sections of the pesharim have not been preserved. 251Trever incorrectly combines his transcription of three similar shapes into one sign.
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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3 WRITING AND WRITING MATERIALS The
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4 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SCROLL WRITI
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(4) No indication Scribal Practices
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5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
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248 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
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250 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions s
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252 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions L
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254 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
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256 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions T
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258 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions h
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260 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions r
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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P.Rylands 1 of Deut 23 (4 CE) P.Oxy
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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