SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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66 Chapter 4: Technical Aspects of Scroll Writing papyrus texts: Mas pap paleoSam. Text (recto)/Mas pap paleoUnidentified Text (verso); 4Q433a/4Q255; 4Q509, 4Q505, 4Q509 (sic; recto)/4Q496, 4Q506 (verso). • In documentary papyri, the writing of signatures on the verso is usually perpendicular to that on the front, in both cases in accord with the fibers that were horizontal on the recto and vertical on the verso. This pertains to the signatures written, for example, on 4QDeed A ar or heb (4Q345); XH≥ev/Se papMarriage Contract? ar (XH≥ev/Se 11); XH≥ev/Se papUnclassified Frag. A ar (XH≥ev/Se 9a); XH≥ev/Se papDeed of Gift gr (XH≥ev/Se 64); XH≥ev/Se papCancelled Marriage Contract gr (XH≥ev/Se 69); MasLoan on Hypothec (P.Yadin 11). It also pertains to Mur papLiterary Text gr (recto: Mur 112) and Mur papProceedings of Lawsuit gr (verso: Mur 113); Jer papList of Loans ar (Jer 1) and Jer papDeed of Sale ar (Jer 3). The same system is used for some texts written on leather, e.g. 4QLetter nab (4Q343) and 4Q460 frg. 9 (Hebrew)/4Q350 (Greek), and various tefillin (DJD VI). In the case of tefillin, the writing on the verso is often performed in two different directions (see the description of 4QPhyl J by J. T. Milik, DJD VI, 36 and in illustr. 9 below, and see further 4QPhyl K and M). • In some instances, the text on the verso was written on the flip side of the document, that is, upon turning the material 180 degrees. This system is evidenced for 4QpapHymns/Prayers (4Q499)/4QpapWar Scroll-like Text A (4Q497); 4QpapPrQuot (4Q503)/4QpapRitPur B (4Q512); 4QNarrative Work and Prayer (4Q460) frg. 9/4QAccount gr (4Q350). The dimensions of the texts inscribed on each side were different. The intercolumnar margins and the top/bottom margins of 4Q414/4Q415 were of different sizes. Likewise, in 4Q324/4Q355, the spaces between the lines differed on both sides of the leather and the arrangement of columns in 4QpapM f (4Q496) (verso) differed from that on the recto (M. Baillet, DJD VII, 57). P.Scheide of the LXX of Ezekiel (codex) has 52–57 lines on the recto and 49–53 lines on the verso. (g) Relation between the texts on the recto and verso Writing on both sides of the material sometimes implies that the texts on the recto and verso are somehow related with regard to their content or external features. For example • The recto and verso are closely related when the verso continued the text of the recto, as probably was the case in 4QLetter nab (4Q343). In short texts containing a single column, the verso would immediately continue the text written on the recto, but few such texts have been preserved. • The recto and verso of the fragments of 4Qpap cryptA Text Concerning Cultic Service B? (4Q250a) are both written in the Cryptic A script. The relation between the content of the two sides is unclear. • 4QEn a ar (4Q201) I–III containing the first chapters of Enoch, which ultimately go back to Gen 5:18-24, has on its verso 4QGenealogical List? (4Q338). Little is known regarding this text, but one reads dylwh and dyl[wh on two different lines, and its subject matter (a genealogical list of the patriarchs?) may therefore be connected to the recto. • In many opisthographs, both the recto and verso were written in the Qumran scribal practice (see below). • The nature of Mas 1o is unclear. The two sides of this papyrus fragment (Mas pap paleoText of Sam. Origin [recto] and Mas pap paleoUnidentified Text [verso]), written in paleo-Hebrew in two different handwritings, probably represent two different compositions. 122 At the same time, the link between the two sides is not only the writing in the paleo-Hebrew script, but also the use of little triangles as word dividers (elsewhere one finds dots or, more rarely, strokes). • The relation between Mas papVirgil lat (Mas 721 recto) and Mas papUnidentified Poetic Text lat (Mas 721 verso) is unclear. See APPENDIX 6. 122 The two sides were published by S. Talmon as representing a single text in Masada VI, 138–47. Talmon suggests (Masada VI, 142–47) that this fragment is of Samaritan origin, based especially on the continuous writing of µyzyrgrh, which is indeed customary in Samaritan sources, although not exclusively so. Talmon considers the two sides of the document to contain a ‘Samaritan prayer or hymn of adoration directed to holy Mount Garizim’ (p. 142). However, the two sides seem to have been written by different hands, with a different ductus, in different letter-sizes, and involving a few differently shaped letters. Whether or not the two sides reflect two different texts remains difficult to determine, and even the connection with the Samaritans is debatable. Pummer and Eshel stress the problematical aspects of this assumption, emphasizing the occurrence of the continuous writing of µyzyrgrh in non-Samaritan sources, such as once in Josephus, Bell. Jud. I 63, the Old Latin translation of 2 Macc 5:23; 6:2; Pliny, Natural History V.14.68, Pap. Giessen 13, 19, 22, 26 of Greek Scripture (if these texts are not taken as representing a Samaritan-Greek translation), as well as various Church Fathers from the fifth century CE onwards: R. Pummer, “ARGARIZIN: A Criterion for Samaritan Provenance?” JSJ 18 (1987) 18–25; H. Eshel, “The Prayer of Joseph, A Papyrus from Masada and the Samaritan Temple on ARGARIZIN,” Zion 66 (1991) 125–36 (Heb.).
Scribal Practices and Approaches Reflected in the Texts from the Judean Desert 67 More frequently, the content of the two sides is not related, as in several Egyptian, Greek, and Aramaic opisthographs 123 in which the verso is used for a completely unrelated text simply because writing material was scarce. Two opisthographs from Qumran and many Greek papyri from Egypt are of this type, with a literary text on the recto and a documentary text on the verso. Thus, one fragment of the Hebrew 4QNarrative Work and Prayer (4Q460 frg. 9) has on its verso a documentary text in Greek, viz., 4QAccount gr (4Q350) and 4QMish C (4Q324) has on the verso 4QAccount C ar or heb (4Q355). Mur 112 (Mur papLiterary Text gr) has on its verso Mur papProceedings of Lawsuit gr (Mur 113). In a similar vein, a large collection of different compositions and two different copies of the same composition may be found on the two sides of a papyrus: a single papyrus, as reconstructed by M. Baillet, DJD VII, contains on the recto 4QpapPrFêtes c (4Q509), 4QpapDibHam b (4Q505), and again 4QpapPrFêtes c , while 4QpapM f (4Q496) and 4QpapDibHam c (4Q506) appear on the verso. Other opisthographs of this type are: recto 4Q433a 4QpapHodayot-like Text B verso 4Q255 4QpapS a (4Q255) recto 4Q499 4QpapHymns/Prayers verso 4Q497 4QpapWar Scroll-like Text A recto 4Q503 4QpapPrQuot verso 4Q512 4QpapRitPur B The theory that many Qumran documents were copied by a scribal school that was active and Qumran and other places is supported by the fact that several texts written according to the school’s practices were reused for other purposes at Qumran itself, possibly by the Qumran covenanters; see TABLE 8. TABLE 8: Opisthographs in Which the Two Sides Were Written According to the Qumran Scribal Practice No. Title Sectarian Qumran Scrib. Practice recto 4Q250a 4Qpap cryptA Text Concerning Cultic Service B? verso 4Q250a 4Qpap cryptA Text Concerning Cultic Service B? y no data y no data recto 4Q433a 4QpapHodayot-like Text B y no data verso 4Q255 4QpapS a y no data recto 4Q415 4QInstr a y? y verso 4Q414 4QRitPur A no data y recto 4Q460 9 4QNarr. Work and Prayer (Hebrew) no data y verso 4Q350 4QAccount gr (see below) — recto 4Q499 4QpapHymns/Prayers y y? verso 4Q497 4QpapWar Scroll-like Text A y no data recto 4Q503 4QpapPrQuot y y verso 4Q512 4QpapRitPur B y y recto 4Q505 4QpapDibHam b y y? 123 See C7erny, Paper, 22 for the Egyptian parallels; Gallo, Papyrology, 10; Kenyon, Books and Readers, 63–4 for the Greek parallels; and Porten–Yardeni, TAD 3, xiii for the Aramaic texts from Egypt. Occasionally, even a biblical text was reused; the Greek P.Leipzig 39 of Psalms (4 CE) has a list on the reverse. Likewise, P.Alex. 240 (PSI 921) of Psalm 77 LXX (3 CE) is written on the verso of a fiscal document.
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S R
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DEDICATED TO THE SCRIBES WHO WROTE
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Contents vii CONTENTS Text Editions
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Contents ix Chapter 8: Scribal Trad
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xii Text Editions Sam. Pent (SP) A.
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xiv Periodicals, Reference Works, a
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REFERENCES AND SUNDRY ABBREVIATIONS
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xviii List of Tables 21. Scrolls wi
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xx Preface This book contains thous
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1 INTRODUCTION a. Purpose and natur
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Scribal Practices and Approaches Re
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Copyists, scribes, and soferim 2 SC
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5 WRITING PRACTICES The writing pra
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6 SCRIPTS 293 a. Square (Jewish) sc
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7 SPECIAL SCRIBAL CHARACTERISTICS O
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262 Chapter 8: Scribal Traditions
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264 Appendix 1 3. Scribal markings
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266 Appendix 1 4QJer d gd — n b 1
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268 Appendix 1 4Q256 4QSb y y 3 20
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270 Appendix 1 4Q496 4QpapMf y y y
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272 Appendix 1 Doc/Mish B 4Q322 4QM
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APPENDIX 2 PAPYRUS TEXTS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 3 OPISTHOGRAPHS FROM THE J
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APPENDIX 4 THE GREEK TEXTS FROM THE
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APPENDIX 5 SCRIBAL FEATURES OF EARL
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CE) P.Oxy. 65.4443 of Esther E and
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P.Antinoopolis 8 of Proverbs 5-20 (
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APPENDIX 6 THE HEBREW TEXTS FROM MA
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SCRIBAL PRACTICES AND APPROACHE S ... - Emanuel Tov

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